APPENDIX

Glossary

Action = kammanta

right action = sammæ-kammanta, it consists of refraining from killing, stealing and sexual misconduct.

wrong action = micchæ-kammanta, it consists in killing, stealing and sexual misconduct.

activities, volitional = sa³khæras. This word is also translated as mental formations. They consist of volition or will and other mental concomitants (cetasikas).

adverting = avajjana. In a thought process it is the moment when mind, or rather, consciousness turns towards the object presented through one of the sense-doors, viz., eye, ear, nose, tongue, body, and mind, or when consciousness becomes conscious of the object.

aggregate = khandha. Khandhas are so called because they have the division into past, present, future, internal, external, etc. Perception, for example, though only one is called khandha or aggregate because there can be past perception, present perception and so on.

of grasping, or of clinging = upædænakkhandhæ, aggregates that are objects of grasping or clinging (upædænas).

air-element = see element.

analysis = vavatthana. Discerning things well defined, seeing which is which. See next.

of four elements = catudhætu-vavatthana. Seeing the four elements clearly and well defined, seeing ‘This is earth-element', ‘This is water-element' and so on. See element also.

analytical knowledge of mind and matter = næmarþpa-paricchedañæ¼a. An insight knowledge which sees mind and matter clearly and well defined as, for example, ‘This is mind', ‘This is matter.'

apperception = javana. The meaning of this Pæ¹i word is running, or force, or speed. ‘In Abhidhammæ it is the name given to certain types of consciousness which experience the object forcefully or thoroughly. It is also translated as impulsion.'

attainment = samæpatti. This means entering into and remaining in a certain state of higher consciousness. There are three kinds of samæpatti:

1. Jhæna-samæpatti, entering into and remaining in the state of jhæna.

2. Phala-samæpatti, entering into and remaining in the state of Fruition consciousness.

3. Nirodha-samæpatti, entering into and remaining in the state of cessation of mental activities.

awareness = viññæ¼a. Pure awareness of the object is the characteristic of consciousness (citta or viññæ¼a).

Becoming = bhava. It is also translated as existence.

birth = jæti. Arising of mind and/or matter, so it does not necessarily mean to be born as a child only.

body = kæya

contemplation of the body = kæyænupassanæ. See contemplation.

bourn = gati. Existence or realms beings' go to

bad bourn = duggati, realms of woe, such as hell and animal kingdom.

good bourn = sugati, realms of happiness, such as human and deva worlds.

brahmæ = higher celestial beings.

calm = samatha, also translated as ‘tranquility'. Samatha is synonymous with samædhi (concentration).

certain thing is identified.

clear comprehension = sampajañña.

compassion = karu¼æ.

Compendium of Philosophy, name of the English translation of an ancient Abhidhammæ treatise called ‘Abhidhammætthasangaha'. It itself is often referred to as Compendium of Philosophy in the present book.

concentration = samædhi. Samædhi is defined as that mental state (cetasika) which places consciousness and its concomitants undistracted and unscattered on a single object. Samædhi is one of the five mental faculties functioning during meditation.

concept = paññatti. Paññatti is explained as having no individual essence, so it is a non-reality.

concomitants of mind = cetasikas. Cetasikas are those mental states or mental factors which arise and perish together with consciousness (citta).

condition = paccaya.

confidence, faith = saddhæ. See also faculty.

consciousness = viññæ¼a or citta, which is defined as the pure awareness of the object. Consciousness (citta) and concomitants of mind (cetasikas) constitute what we call mind.

constituent (of Path) = (magg-) a³ga. There are eight of them, and they are as a group what is popularly known as the Noble Eight-fold Path.

contemplation = ænupassanæ.

of body = kæyænupassanæ.

of dhamma objects = dhammænupassanæ.

of feelings = vedanænupassanæ.

of mind = cittænupassanæ.

continuity = santati

craving = ta¼hæ

Death, dying = mara¼a. Disappearing of mind and matter.

deed = kamma. See kamma

bad deed = akusala kamma.

good deed = kusala kamma.

defilements = kilesas. Mental impurities such as attachment, ill will and delusion.

Dependent Origination = Paticca-samuppæda. The teaching (or law) of conditionally. This word is also translated as ‘Conditioned Genesis'.

desire (will) = chanda. Chanda is mere will to do. It can be associated with kusala or akusala.

determining consciousness = votthabbana citta. It is the type of consciousness which determines whether the object presented to the mind and investigated by the previous moment of investigations desirable or undesirable.

devas = celestial beings. It can mean both lower celestial beings and higher celestial beings called brahmæs.

deva-sight = dibba-cakkhu. It is one of the supernormal knowledge; by it one can see things very minute, subtle, far away, hidden and so on. The ability to see beings dying from one existence and being reborn in another is a variety of this knowledge.

deva-hearing or deva-ear = dibba-sota. One of the supernormal knowledges by which one can hear sounds very minute, subtle, hidden, far away and so on.

deva-world = devaloka. The realm of celestial beings.

divine states = brahmæ-vihæras, way of living of brahmæs. They are lovingkindness. (mettæ), compassion (karu¼æ), sympathetic joy (muditæ) and equanimity (upekkhæ).

door (sense-door) = dværa. There are six sense doors according to Buddhism, viz, eye-door, ear, nose, tongue, body, and mind-door. These are the doors through which objects come into contact with mind.

Effort = væyæma. See also faculty.

right effort = sammæ-væyæma.

ego (self) = atta.

element = dhætu. Mental as well as physical properties are called dhætus. There are four great elements of matter, viz.,

1. Earth-element = pathavø-dhætu, solidity of things.

2. Water-element = æpo-dhætu, fluidity or cohesiveness.

3. Fire-element = tejo-dhætu, heat or cold, temperature.

4. Air-element = væyo-dhætu, distendedness.

equanimity = upekkhæ. Upekkhæ also means indifference or neutral feeling.

establishment of mindfulness = satipa¥¥hæna. It is also translated as foundations of mindfulness.'

Factors of Enlightenment = sambojjha³ga or bojjha³ga. There are seven of them, viz.,

1. Mindfulness = sati.

2. Investigation of dhammas = dhamma-vicaya. It is in reality understanding or wisdom.

3. Effort = vøriya.

4. joy or rapture = pøti.

5. Tranquility = passaddhi.

6. Concentration = samædhi.

7. Equanimity = upekkhæ.

faculty = indriya. There are 22 of them taught in Abhidhammæ. The five mental faculties important in the practice of meditation are confidence, effort, mindfulness, concentration and wisdom.

faith (confidence) = saddhæ

feeling = vedanæ

form (matter) = rþpa.

formless = arþpa. The word means ‘non-matter', which according to Buddhism comprises consciousness (citta), mental factors. (cetasikas), and Nibbæna. In most cases, however, it-means consciousness and mental factors only. Arþpa is synonymous with ‘næma'.

foul thing = asubha, such as a bloated corpse.

fruit (ion) = phala. It is the resultant of magga or Path consciousness, and at the time of enlightenment it immediately follows the Path consciousness and arises for two or three times. In phala-samæpatti it arises countless times.

function, property as = kicca. Action done by things of reality. The function of air-element, for instance, is moving.

Going for Refuge = sara¼a-gama¼a, taking someone or something as a refuge, as a guide. Only those who take refuge in the Triple Gem are called upæsakas or upæsikæs, followers of the Buddha, or Buddhists.

grasping = upædæna. It is the name of attachment and wrong view.

Happiness = sukha.

happy living in this very life = di¥¥hadhamma-sukhavihæra

higher knowledge (super knowledge) = abhiñña.

hindrances = nøvara¼a. There are five of them, viz.,

1. Sense-desire = kæmacchanda.

2. Ill will = byæpæda.

3. Sloth and torpor = thina-middha.

4. Restlessness and remorse = uddhacca-kukkucca.

5. Doubt = vøcikicchæ

In Abhidhammæ ignorance (delusion) also is described as hindrance.

Impermanence = anicca.

inferential insight = anumæna-vipassanæ.

initial application = vitakka.

insight = vipassanæ. The real meaning of the word ‘vipassanæ' is ‘seeing in various ways', i.e., seeing mental and physical phenomena as Impermanent, suffering (or unsatisfactory) and not-self (or insubstantial).

intimation = viññatti. There are two kinds of intimation, viz.,

1. Bodily intimation = kæya-viññatti, gestures, etc.

2. Verbal intimation = vacø-viññatti, mode of speech.

investigating consciousness = satirana citta. It is the type of consciousness which investigates the object presented to mind and accepted by the previous moment whether it is desirable or undesirable.

investigating knowledge = sammæsana-ñæ¼a, one of the stages of vipassanæ knowledge.

investigation of dhammas = dhamma-vicaya.

See Factors of Enlightenment.

Kamma = volition. Technically, kamma is volition, a mental, factor. Since it is always with this volition that beings do good or bad deeds, deeds themselves are often referred to as kamma.

knowledge = ñæ¼a

analytical, of mind and matter = næmarþpa-pariccheda-ñæ¼a.

of desire for deliverance = muncitukamyata-ñæ¼a.

of (by) discerning conditionality = paccaya-pariggaha-ñæ¼a.

of dissolution = bha³ga-ñæ¼a.

of indifference to formations = sa³khærupekkhæ-ñæ¼a.

of investigation = sammæsana-ñæ¼a.

of re-reflection (re-observation) = patisa³kha-ñæ¼a.

of repulsion (disgust) = nibbidæ-ñæ¼a.

of rise and fall (rising and passing away) = udayabbaya-ñæ¼a.

of the fearful = bhaya-ñæ¼a.

of tribulation = ædinava-ñæ¼a.

Law = dhamma.

life-continuum = bhava³ga. It is the inactive moments of consciousness.

livelihood = æjøva.

right livelihood = sammæ-æjøva.

wrong livelihood = micchæ-æjøva.

lovingkindness = mettæ

lower states = apæya, literally, states of woe or suffering.

Manifestation (mode of appearance) = paccupa-¥¥hæna.

matter (material, physical, form) = rþpa.

means of accomplishment = iddhipæda.

meditator = yogø.

member of enlightenment = bodhipakkiya-dhamma.

mental quality (mind, psychological) = ñæ¼a.

mind = mana, cita or næma. ‘Mind' is often used to mean citta and cetasikas together.

mind and matter = næma-rþpa.

mindfulness = sati.

of death = mara¼assati.

mode of appearance = see manifestation.

moral habit = søla.

Næma = literally that which inclines towards the object or that which makes others incline towards it. It consists of consciousness (citta), mental factors (cetasikas), and Nibbæna. But in most cases næma is used to mean citta and cetasikas only as, for example, in the word ‘næma-rþpa'.

neutral feeling = adukkha-ma-sukha vedanæ.

never-returner (non-returner) = anægæmi.

noble one = ariya.

Noble Eightfold Path = Ariyo A¥¥ha³giko Maggo.

non-returner = anægæmi.

notion = saññæ.

notion of permanence = nicca- saññæ.

notion of loathsomeness of food = æhære patikñla- saññæ. Developing the notion that food is loathsome by reflecting in various ways so that one does not get attached to food.

not-self = anatta.

object-latent = ærammananusaya.

old age = jaræ.

once-returner = sakadægæmi.

Order (of noble monks) = sangha.

origin (origination, cause) = samudaya.

Path = magga. The name given to the group of eight factors of Path, such as Right View, etc. Consciousness which they accompany is called Path consciousness.

Path of Purity (Purification) = Visuddhimagga.

perception = saññæ.

permanence (-ent) = nicca.

pleasant (pleasurable, happy) = sukha.

power = bala.

practical (personal) insight = paccakkha-vipassanæ.

process (thought-process) = vøthi.

property = rasa. It has two varieties, viz., as function and as achievement.

proximate cause (immediate occasion) = padatthana.

purity = visuddhi.

Quietude (tranquility) = passaddhi, one of the factors of enlightenment.

Rapture = pøti. Pøti' is translated different authors, as joy, happiness rapture, zest, and pleasurable interest.

reality = paramattha.

reason = vimamsa.

rebirth = patisandhi. It is also translated as relinking.

consciousness = patisandhi-citta.

receiving (recipient) consciousness = sanpaticchana citta. It is the type of consciousness which receives the object presented to the mind.

recollection = anussati

refuge = sara¼a.

retentive (registering) consciousness = tadarammana citta. This consciousness always arise twice or none at all. It follows the moments of apperception (javana).

round of rebirths = saµsæras.

Self (ego) = atta.

sense-object = kæma.

Silent Buddha = Pacceka Buddha. ‘Pacceka' literally means separate. They are not Supreme Buddhas, nor are they ordinary arahanta. They are lower than the Supreme Buddhas, but higher than the arahanta. They appear in the world when there are no Supreme Buddha or no teachings of Supreme Buddhas are available.

specification (analysis) = vavattana.

speech = væcæ

right speech = sammæ-væcæ

wrong speech = micchæ væcæ

stream-winner = sotæpanna

stream-winning = sotæpatti

subject of meditation = kamma¥¥hæna. It also means the practice of meditation.

subsequent (thought-) process = anuvattaka vøthi.

suffering (ill, misery, pain) = dukkha

supreme Buddha = Samm æ sambuddha

supreme effort = sammappadhæna.

sympathy (sympathetic joy) = muditæ

Theory of the self = attavæda.

thought = citta, sa³kappa.

right thought = sammæ-sa³kappa

wrong thought = micchæ-sa³kappa.

thought moment = cittakkha¼a.

Three Gems = Tiratana.

tranquility = passaddhi

transcending doubts = ka³khavitarana.

Unpleasant = dukkha.

unwholesome = akusala. ‘Akusala' is also translated as immoral, unprofitable and unskillful.

View (wrong view) = di¥¥hi.

volitional activities = sa³khæras.

Wholesome = kusala. It is also translated as moral, profitable and skilful.

will (desire) = chanda

wisdom = paññæ

wrong = micchæ

Yogø = meditator.