THE VENERABLE MAHÆSØ SAYÆDAW The Venerable U Sobhana Mahæthera, better known as Mahæsø Sayædaw, was born on 29 July 1904 to the peasant proprietors, U Kan Htaw and Daw Shwe Ok at Seikkhun Village, which is about seven miles to the west of the town of Shwebo in Upper Myanmar, once the capital of the founder of the last Myanmar dynasty. At the age of six he began his studies at a monastic school in his village, and at the age of twelve he was ordained a Sæmanera, (Novice) receiving the name of Sobhana. On reaching the age of twenty, he was ordained a Bhikkhu on 26 November 1923. He passed the Government Pæ¹i Examinations in all the three classes (lower, middle and highest) in the following three successive years. In the fourth year of his Bhikkhu Ordination, he proceeded to Mandalay, noted for its pre-eminence in Buddhist studies, where he continued his further education under various monks of high scholastic fame. In the fifth year he went to Mawlamyaing where he took up the work of teaching the Buddhist scriptures at a monastery known as ‘Taung-waing-galay Taik Kyaung’. In the eighth year after his Bhikkhu ordination, he and another monk left Mawlamyaing equipped with the bare necessities of a Bhikkhu (i.e. alms bowl, a set of three robes, etc.), and went in search of a clear and effective method in the practice of meditation. At Thaton he met the well-known Meditation Teacher, the Venerable U Nærada, who is also known as ‘Mingun Jetawun Sayædaw the First’. He then placed himself under the guidance of the Sayædaw and at once proceeded with an intensive course of meditation. He had progressed so well in his practice that he was able to teach the method effectively to his first three disciples in Seikkhun while he was on a visit there in 1938. These three lay disciples, too, made remarkable progress. Inspired by the example of these three, gradually as many as fifty villagers joined the courses of intensive practice. The Venerable Mahæsø Sayædaw could not stay with the Venerable Mingun Sayædaw as long as he wanted as he was urgently asked to return to the Mawlamyaing monastery. Its aged head monk was gravely ill and passed away not long after the Venerable Mahæsø Sayædaw’s return. The Venerable Mahæsø Sayædaw was then asked to take charge of the monastery and to resume teaching the resident monks. During this time he sat for the Pæ¹i Lectureship Examination on its first introduction on the first attempt, in 1941 he was awarded the title of ‘Sasanadhaja Sri Pavara Dhammacariya’. On the event of the Japanese invasion, the authorities gave an evacuation order to those living near Mawlamyaing at the Taung-waing-galay Monastery and its neighbourhood. These places were close to an airfield and hence exposed to air attacks. For the Sayædaw this was a welcome opportunity to return to his native Seikkhun and to devote himself whole-heartedly to his own practice of Vipassanæ meditation and to the teaching of it to others. He took residence at a monastery known as Mahæ-Si Kyaung, which was thus called because a drum (Myanmar si) of an unusually large (mahæ) size was housed there. From that monastery, the Sayædaw’s popular name, Mahæsø Sayædaw, is derived. It was during this period, in 1945, that the Sayædaw wrote his great work, Manual of Vipassanæ Meditation, a comprehensive and authoritative treatise expounding both the doctrinal and the practical aspects of the Satipa¥¥hæna method of meditation. This work of two volumes, comprising 858 pages in print, was written by him in just seven months, while the neighbouring town of Shwebo was at times subjected to almost daily air attacks. So far, only one chapter of this work, the fifth, has been translated into English and is published under the title “Practical Insight Meditation: Basic and Progressive Stages” (Buddhist Publication Society) It did not take long before the reputation of Mahæsø-Sayædaw as an able teacher of Insight Meditation (vipassanæ) had spread throughout the Shwebo-Sagaing region and attracted the attention of a prominent and very devout Buddhist layman, Sir U Thwin, who was regarded as Myanmar’s ‘Elder Statesman’. It was his wish to promote the inner strength of Buddhism in Myanmar by setting up a meditation centre to be guided by a meditation teacher of proven virtue and ability. After meeting Mahæsø Sayædaw and listening to a discourse given by him and to the meditation instructions given to nuns in Sagaing, Sir U Thwin was in no doubt that he had found the ideal person he was looking for. In 1947 the Buddha Sæsana Nuggaha Organization was founded in Yangon with Sir U Thwin as its first President and with its object the furthering of the study (pariyatti) and practice (patipatti) of Buddhism. In 1948 Sir U Thwin donated five acres of land at Kokkine, Rangoon, to the organization for the erection of a meditation centre. It is on this site that the present Thathana (or Sæsana) Yeiktha, i.e. “Buddhist Retreat”, is situated, which now, however, covers an area of twenty acres, with a large number of buildings. In 1949, the then Prime Minister of Myanmar, U Nu and Sir U Thwin requested that the Venerable Mahæsø Sayædaw come to Yangon and give training in meditational practice. On 4 December 1949, the Sayædaw introduced the first group of 25 meditators into the methodical practice of Vipassanæ meditation. Within a few years of the Sayædaw’s arrival in Yangon, similar meditation centres sprang up all over Myanmar, until they numbered over one hundred. In neighbouring Theravada countries like Thailand and Sri Lanka, such centres were also established in which the same method was taught and practised. According to a 1972 census, the total number of meditators trained at all these centres (both in Myanmar and abroad) had passed the figure of seven hundred thousand: In the East and in several Western countries as well, Vipassanæ courses continue to be conducted. At the historic Sixth Buddhist Council (Cha¥¥ha Sangæyanæ) held at Yangon for two years, culminating in the year 2500 Buddhist Era (1956), the Venerable Mahæsø Sayædaw had an important role. He was one of the Final Editors of the canonical texts, which were recited and thereby approved, in the sessions of the Council. Further, he was the Questioner (Pucchaka), that is, he had to ask the questions concerning the respective canonical texts that were to be recited. They were then answered by an erudite monk with a phenomenal power of memory, by the name of Venerable Vicittasæræbhivamsa. To appreciate fully the importance of these roles, it may be mentioned that at the First Council held one hundred days after the passing away of the Buddha, it was the Venerable Mahæ Kassapa who put forth those introductory questions which were then answered by the Venerable Upæli and the Venerable Ænanda. After the recital of the canonical scriptures, the Tipitaka, had been completed at the Sixth Council, it was decided to continue with a rehearsal of the ancient commentaries and sub commentaries, preceded by critical editing and scrutiny. In the large task, too, the Mahæsø Sayædaw took a prominent part. In the midst of all of these tasks, he was also a prolific and scholarly writer. He authored more than 70 writings and translations, mostly in Myanmar, with a few in the Pæ¹i language. One of these deserves to be singled out: his Myanmar translation of the Commentary to the Visuddhi Magga (Visuddhimagga Mahæ-¿økæ), which in two large volumes of the Pæ¹i original, is even more voluminous than the work commented upon, and presents many difficulties, linguistically and in its contents. In 1957 Mahæsø Sayædaw was awarded the title of ‘Agga-Mahæ-Pandita’. Yet even all of this did not exhaust the Mahæsø Sayædaw’s remarkable capacity for work in the cause of the Buddha-Dhamma. He undertook several travels abroad. The first two of his tours were in preparation for the Sixth Council, but were likewise used for preaching and teaching. Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam (1952); India and Sri Lanka (1953, 1959), Japan (1957); Indonesia (1959); America, Hawaii, England, Continental Europe (1979); England, Sri Lanka, Singapore, Malaysia. Thailand (1980); Nepal, India (1981) In the midst of all these manifold and strenuous activities, he never neglected his own meditative life which had enabled him to give wise guidance to those instructed by him. His outstanding vigour of body and mind and his deep dedication to the Dhamma sustained him through a life of 78 years. On 14 August 1982, the Venerable Mahæsø Sayædaw succumbed to a sudden and severe heart attack which he had suffered the night before. Yet on the evening of the 13th, he had still given an introductory explanation to a group of new meditators. The Venerable Mahæsø Sayædaw was one of the very rare personalities in whom there was a balanced and high development of both profound erudition linked with a keen intellect, and deep and advanced meditative experience. He was also able to teach effectively both Buddhist thought and Buddhist practice. His long career of teaching through the spoken and printed word had a beneficial impact on many hundreds of thousands in the East and the West. His personal stature and his life’s work rank him among the great figures of contemporary Buddhism. WRITINGS OF THE VENERABLE MAHÆSØ SAYÆDAW IN ENGLISH TRANSLATION (Selection) The Progress of Insight through the Stages of Purification. With the Pæ¹i text. (1) Practical Insight Meditation. Basic and Progressive Stages. (1) Practical Vipassanæ Meditational Exercises. (2) Purpose of Practising Kamma¥¥hæna Meditation. (2) The Wheel of Dhamma (Dhammacakappavattana Sutta). (2) (1) Buddhist Publication Society, Kandy, Sri Lanka. (2) Buddha Sæsana Nuggaha Organization, 16 Sæsana Yeiktha Road, Yangon, Myanmar. The President of the Buddha Sæsana Nuggaha Organization has recently requested me to translate into English, if time permits, the Myanmar version of the book of dhamma entitled “Purpose of Practising Kamma¥¥hæna Meditation” written by the Venerable Mahæsø Sayædaw. We have in mind that much benefit could be derived especially by foreign yogøs and those ardent Buddhists in other countries who are not acquainted with Myanmar. The practice of Buddhist meditation in accordance with the actual teachings of the Buddha is one that is not yet generally and fully appreciated. The publication of the English version of this treatise will, it is hoped, contribute to improving the present unfortunate situation. It will also fall in with the primary intention of the authority concerned to enhance and add Luster to the Theravæda Buddhasæsanæ. In my endeavour to translate this important treatise as requested and as permitted by the Venerable Mahæsø Sayædaw, references have to be made to other relevant books of dhamma written by the Venerable Mahæsø Sayædaw, and in particular to Robert C. Childers “Dictionary of the Pæ¹i Language”, which throws a beam of torch-light, as it were, to the correct usage and spelling of Pæ¹i words, written in English. While this translation work was in process, my close friend U Thein Han, a devoted Mahæsø disciple and an executive member of this Organization came to the rescue and gave me a copy of “The Light of the Dhamma” (Volume V: No. 3), published by the Union of Myanmar Buddha Sæsana Council in July 1958, wherein an article in English under the title “Buddhist Meditation and Its Forty Subjects” translated by U Pe Thin, a Mahæsø Yogø, in December 1957, was found. This short treatise which gives concise information of the fundamentals of Kamma¥¥hæna meditation is found to be really fine and helpful and its original Myanmar version written by the Venerable Mahæsø Sayædaw is the same book which I have undertaken to translate. This, in fact, has speeded up my task in translating this dhamma, which I am afraid, will become more or less a duplication of the same subject except the renderings in the first portion of the treatise and in a few other place. Nevertheless, the new translation piece will now appear in a separate book form under a name different from that of U Pe Thin’s translated treatise, bearing the original title of the book in Myanmar version. It must be admitted that I have in my translation work copied are reproduced a number of phrases and writings of U Pe Thin’s translated piece, though in some places the reproduction is not facsimile. Certain parts of that treatise have been either re-written mutatis mutandis with a view to fall in line with the original style of expression of the Ven: Mahæsø Sayædaw contained in the Myanmar version or inserted to make the translation more truthfully comprehensive. I do hereby acknowledge with thanks to the Buddha Sæsana Council for its general permission to quote, copy or reproduce its articles published in “The Light of the Dhamma.”
MIN
SWE PURPOSE OF PRACTISING KAMMA¿¿HÆNA MEDITATION Question: Why should kamma¥¥hæna meditation be practised? Answer: Kamma¥¥hæna meditation should be practised so as to reach Nibbæna, thereby escaping from all kinds of misery, such as old age, death, etc. To amplify this statement, it may be explained that undoubtedly all beings wish to live always in happiness without getting old and sick and suffering death, and also without suffering from other kinds of dukkha (such as pain, grief and misery). Nevertheless it does not happen that way, much as we may wish to be so. In any life existence old age is inevitable. Sickness is unavoidable. And because of all sorts of dangers and tribulations which one is bound to come across in his life-time, anxiety, sorrow and lamentation would take place. And weep we must. So also, physical sufferings and discomforts, mental pains and sufferings are sure to be met with often. Finally one of the worst sufferings that can cause death takes place and after becoming unbearable, death will follow. Death is, however, not an end. Persons who are not yet free from craving for life existence will again be reborn in the next existence. Then, the new existence will similarly bring about old age disease and death. In this way, all beings will invariably meet with the same undesirable fate, misery and sufferings in one life existence after another. Such being the case, if the root cause of this state of affairs is analysed, it is because of the continuum of life existences, sufferings such as old age and death do take place. Otherwise, these kinds of misery and sufferings will not surely be confronted with. Therefore if old age, death and other sufferings are to be completely avoided or overcome, practical meditation exercise must be done. This will prevent the new existence from coming into being. The new existence is the result of ta¼hæ or cravings for the present existence. The particular mood or bent of mind which manifests and clings on in one’s last conscious moment before death in his previous life existence, brings forth new mind consciousness (viññæ¼a) thereby conditioning a fresh one in another birth. If it does not so happen, there will be no rebirth. Hence, if new existence is undesirable, one should practise meditation diligently with a view to extinguishing bhava ta¼hæ, attachment to life existence. This bhava ta¼hæ is merely caused by ignorance or lack of apprehension of the faults or imperfections of rþpa and næma concerning life existence and also of the fact that Nibbæna far surpasses this very life existence composed of matter and mind. If Nibbæna is really appreciated through clear perception of the fault of rþpa and næma, the bhava ta¼hæ cannot possibly arise. For example: it is like a poor man who is blindly attached to his original native place which he holds in high estimation being ignorant of the hazardous and poverty-stricken condition of his original place and of the fact that if he shifts to a prosperous and danger-free place he would have been well-off and happy. It should, therefore, be borne in mind that he would otherwise have shifted his residence to another place where prosperity reigns without any attachment to his original place. As such, if complete emancipation from ta¼hæ which clings to bhava is desirable, it is essential to presently achieve Nibbæna after realizing the faults rþpa-næma concerning existence. Such realization can be fully accomplished only by practising kamma¥¥hæna meditation. Hence, if it is desired to get rid of the miseries of old age, sickness and death through Nibbæna, kamma¥¥hæna meditation should be practised for the attainment of Nibbæna. Kamma¥¥hæna is consisted of two divisions, namely: (1) Samatha Kamma¥¥hæna 1. Of these two, by practising samatha, four stages of Rþpa-Jhænas and four of Arþpa-Jhænas can be attained. Repeated exercise and development of these jhænas can lead one to further attainment of Abhiññæ, supernatural knowledge or faculty. These miraculous or supernatural powers are: (i) Though there is one single individual, many can be created. (ii) Many individuals can be converted or transformed into a single individual. (iii) Ability to travel through the air space. (iv) Ability to dive into or go underneath the earth, etc. These together with many other kinds of supernatural powers, such as knowledge of taking any form, of creating, or causing to appear anything that is required is called Iddhividha Abhiññæ. 2. Dibbasota Abhiññæ: It is Divine ear, the faculty of hearing every sound, far and near, loud and feeble, in all the Universe. 3. Cetopariya Abhiññæ: Knowledge of the thoughts of others- i.e. power to know other people’s mind, thoughts or imaginations. 4. Pubbenivæsa Abhiññæ: Possessing knowledge of former existences. In other words, power to recollect the incidents of the past existences. 5. Dibbacakkhu Abhiññæ: Divine eye or supernatural vision, i.e. supernatural faculty or the power of seeing all that is taking place in the whole Universe, for example, power to see all physical forms of different beings and of their death and rebirth in the different worlds or heavens. Nevertheless, despite the possession of such powers as Jhænas and abhiññæs, those possessing these attributes will not be free from the miseries and sufferings of old age, death, etc. On death even with the jhænic states remaining in tact without their being neither diminished nor destroyed, they will be reborn in one of the Brahma Loka or heavens to which the stage of the jhæna they have respectively attained would correspond, the particular abode or heaven being determined by the degree of jhæna attained. Then, they will remain in the relative plane of Brahma World or Abode for one world-cycle, two, four, eight and so on, according to the life-span of the Brahma World to which they belong. When that life-span comes to an end, they will die and will be reverted to the world of human beings or devas, where they will have their new existence. In such an event, they will again face the miseries of old age, death, etc. just as the human beings and devas have to face. If favourable circumstances do not permit by force of his kamma, they can go down to one of the four nether worlds (Lower World of Existences), viz: Niriya (Hell), Tiracchæna (Animal world), Peta (World of Petas or Ghosts), or Asurakæya (World of Demons), and suffer miseries related to the World concerned. Therefore, it should be realized that by merely practising samatha kamma¥¥hæna, one will not be liberated from suffering and misery. Only if vipassanæ insight-meditation is practised, one will be able to realize nibbæna and be completely free from all kinds of misery and sufferings, such as old age, disease and death. There are two modes of practising vipassanæ meditation. They are: (1) practising samatha using it as a vehicle for the attainment of vipassanæ ñæ¼a; (2) practising kamma¥¥hæna vipassanæ pure and directly without the basic exercise of samatha. A person who practises meditation for realization of nibbæna making use of samatha as a frame-work is known as samathayænika which means a person who ‘makes his way’ to nibbæna using samatha as a vehicle. A person who practises kamma¥¥hæna vipassanæ meditation without using samatha as a ground work, is known as suddha-vipassanæyænika. If, therefore, a person wishes to practise meditation following the path of samathayænika, he should first and foremost practise samatha. This samatha-kamma¥¥hæna comprises (40) sorts. They are as enumerated below: 1.
Kasina
(10) These (40) samatha-kamma¥¥hænas are listed in groups as follows: 1. Earth kasina
(pathavøkasinam) The ten Asubhas are as follows: 1. Swollen or bloated corpse. (uddhumætakam) 2. A corpse brownish black or purplish blue with decay (vinilakam) 3. A festering or suppurated corpse (vipubbakam) 4. A corpse splattered half or fissured from decay. (vicchiddakam) 5. A corpse gnawed by animals such as wild dogs and foxes: (vikkhæyittakam) 6.
A corpse scattered in parts, hands, legs, 7. A corpse cut and thrown away in parts after killing. (hatavikkhittakam) 8. A bleeding corpse, i.e. with red blood oozing out. (lohitakam) 9. A corpse infested with and eaten by worms. (puluvakam) 10. Remains of a corpse in a heap of bones, i.e. skeleton. (atthikam) 1.
Fixing the mind with attentiveness and reflecting repeatedly 2.
Reflecting with serious attentiveness repeatedly on the virtues 3.
Fixing the mind strongly and repeatedly upon the rare attributes 4.
Reflecting seriously and repeatedly on the purification of one’s 5.
Repeatedly reflecting on the mind’s purity in the noble act of 6.
Reflecting with serious and repeated attention on one’s own 7.
Reflecting repeatedly with serious attentiveness on the supreme 8.
Recollection of death or reflecting repeatedly on the inevitability 9.
Reflecting earnestly and repeatedly on the impurity of the body 10. Repeated reflection on the inhaled and exhaled breath. (Ænæpæna-sati) 1.
Contemplation of loving kindness and goodwill or universal 2.
Contemplation, of compassion, i.e. pity for and sympathy 3.
Contemplation of feeling rejoicing with others in their happiness 4.
To remain indifferent with a feeling of equanimity to the state 1.
Meditation or fixing the mind intently on the realm of 2.
Meditation or fixing the mind intently on the realm of 3.
Meditation or dwelling the mind intently on Nothingness, 4.
Meditation on the realm of Neither-perception nor Æhære patikulasaññæ: means the consciousness or perception of the impurity of material food derived from fixing the mind intently on the food and eatables as being detestable. Catudhætuvavatthænam: means contemplation on the existence or composition of the main four elements of dhætu in the body, namely, væyo (air or wind) and their differences in nature. The Method of Samatha-Kamma¿¿hæna Meditation in Brief A person who, of the forty sorts of samatha meditation, chooses the pathavø kasina as his subject of contemplation, should fix his eyes upon a spot of earth on the ground or a circle of earth-device and contemplate mentally noting ‘pathavø, pathavø’, or ‘earth, earth, earth.’ After repeated contemplation for a considerable time, the vivid image or nimitta of the earth-device will appear in the mind when the eyes are closed as clearly as when they are open. This appearance of mental image is called “Uggaha, nimitta” (acquired image). If this “nimitta” becomes fixed and steady in the mind, he can go to any place and take up a posture of either sitting, walking, standing or lying. He should then continue to contemplate on the “Uggahanimitta” by saying mentally ‘pathavø, pathavø’, or ‘earth, earth’. While thus contemplating, it may happen that the mind does not remain fixed on its object and is likely to wander to other objects in the following manner. 1. The mind may think of desirable or agreeable objects according to its own inclination. This is called “Kæmacchanda. nøvara¼a” (sensuous lust). 2. The mind may also dwell on thoughts of despair and anger. This is called “Vyæpædanøvara¼a” (ill-will). 3. Slackness in contemplation may take place and the mind becomes dull and foggy. This is “Thina-middha-nøvara¼a” (sloth and torpor). 4. The mind may become unstable and fleeting or restless, and then recollecting the past misdeeds in speech and bodily action, is likely to become worried. These are known as “Uddhaccakukkucca-nøvara¼a” (restlessness and worry). 5. Thoughts may arise ‘whether the contemplation which is being undertaken is a right method, or whether it is capable of bringing beneficial results, or whether there is any chance to achieve any good result’s. This is “Vicikicchæ-nøvara¼a” (sceptical doubt). When these five “Nøvara¼as” (Hindrances) appear, they should be discarded and rejected as they occur, and the mind should be immediately brought back to the original object of “Uggaha-nimitta” letting it dwell constantly on it, noting mentally as ‘pathavø, pathavø’. If the kasina object of “Uggaha-nimitta” disappears from the mind, one should go back to the place where the earth-device is kept and contemplate again: ‘pathavø, pathavø’ by fixing the eyes on the device till “Uggaha-nimitta” is formed again in the mind’s eye. Thereafter, one should return to the desired place and proceed with the contemplation as before in any posture of sitting, standing, lying and walking. Carrying on thus the contemplation of the object of “Uggaha-nimitta” repeatedly for a long time, the object assumes a very brilliant and crystalline appearance quite unlike that of the original. This is called “Patibhæga-nimitta” (counterpart-image). At the time the mind is free from all ‘Nøvara¼as’. It dwells fixedly on the “patibhæga-nimitta”. This state of mind is known as “Upacæra-samædhi” (proximate concentration). Now, by continually fixing the mind with this “Upacærasamædhi” on the ‘Patibhæga-nimitta’, the mind reaches a state as if it were alive and sinks consciously into the object and remains fixed in it. This state of fixedness and stability of mind is known as “Appanæ-samædhi” (ecstatic concentration). The Appanæ-samædhi is of four kinds, viz: (a) the first Jhæna, (a) In the first Jhæna five distinct constituents are present; they are:
(1) Vitakka
(initial reflection) (b) One who has already attained the stage of first Jhæna, seeing unsatisfactoriness in the first two constituents of ‘Vitakka’ and ‘Vicæra’ again proceeds with the contemplation to overcome them and succeeds in attaining the stage of second Jhæna where the three distinct constituents of ‘Pøti’, ‘Sukha’ and ‘Ekaggatæ’ are obvious. (c) Again seeing unsatisfactoriness ‘in Pøti’, if he proceeds with the contemplation to overcome it and divests himself of ecstasy, he will attain the third Jhæna which is a state of tranquil serenity and where the two distinct constituents of ‘Sukha’ and ‘Ekaggatæ’, remains obvious. (d) Again seeing unsatisfactoriness in ‘Sukha’ he proceeds with the contemplation to overcome it. By doing so, he attains the stage of fourth Jhæna in which the mind exalted and purified is indifferent to all emotions alike of pleasure and of pain. At this stage the two constituents of ‘Upekkhæ’-(equanimity) and ‘Ekaggatæ’ become manifested. This is, in brief, the description of the manner of contemplation of the “Pathavø-kasina” and the development of the stages of four Jhænas. The same applies to the remaining kasinas. Asubha-Kamma¿¿hæna In the case of a person who wishes to practise ‘Asubha’ kamma¥¥hæna, he should fix his eyes on a bloated corpse, or a livid corpse, etc., and contemplate by saying mentally ‘bloated corpse, bloated corpse’, livid corpse, livid corpse, etc. This contemplation is similar to that of ‘Pathavø-kasina’, the fundamental difference being that the contemplation of these ‘Asubha’ subjects will lead to the stage of First jhæna. Anussati-Kamma¿¿hæna Amongst the ten Anussatis, the contemplation of the impure 32 parts of the body (kæyagatæsati-kamma¥¥hæna) will also lead to the stage of First jhæna. The eight reflections (Anussati) consisting of the subjects from “Buddhænussati” to “Mara¼ænussati”; reflection on the loathsomeness of food (Æhære patikulasaññæ) and analysis of the four elements (Catu-dhætu-vavatthæna) will lead only to the achievement of “Upacæra-samædhi” (proximate concentration). Brahma-Vihæra Three Brahma-Vihæras of ‘Mettæ. Karu¼æ and Muditæ’ may carry one to the attainment of the three stages of lower jhænas, and a person who has attained the third jhæna may, if he strives for the contemplation of “Upehkhæ”, the fourth of the Brahma vihæra, can achieve the stage of Fourth jhæna. Æruppa-Kamma¿¿hæna A person who, by contemplation of kasina subjects, has attained all four jhænas, can achieve four (4) Æruppa-jhænas by carrying out four Æruppa-kamma¥¥hænas in serial order one after another. The Concise Method of Ænæpæna Meditation One who wishes to meditate ‘Ænæpænassati’ kamma¥¥hæna should retire to a quite place and seat himself cross-legged or in any convenient manner so as to enable him to sit for a long time, with his body erect, and then first keep his mind fixed on the tip of the nostrils. He will then come to know distinctly the feeling of touch at the tip of the nostrils or at the edge of the upper lip, caused by the constant flow of his respiration. This flow should be watched at the point of its contact and contemplated by noting ‘coming, going, coming, going’, on every act of inhaling and exhaling respectively. The mind should not be allowed to follow after the flow of the breath either on its inward or outward journey but should be kept at the point of touch constantly watching. While contemplating thus, there will be many hindrances ‘nøvara¼as’ which make the mind wanders. Such hindrances should be dispelled bringing the mind back to the point of contact where in-breathing and out-breathing pass through, and then continue with the contemplation as ‘coming, going, ‘coming, going’, as before. By this means of continually watching the point of contact of the incoming and outgoing breath with attentive contemplation: 1. the long in-breathing and out-breathing are clearly noticed when they are long; 2. the short in-breathing and out-breathing are clearly noticed when they are short; 3. each course of gentle and delicate in-breathing and out-breathing with its beginning, middle and end is clearly noticed from the time it touches the tip of nose to the time when it leaves the nose; and 4. the gradual change from the harsh to the gentler form of in-breathing and out-breathing is also clearly noticed. As the respiration become more and more gentle, it would appear as if they have vanished altogether. When it so happens, one may be searching for the incoming breath and outgoing breath, and may wonder what has happened. He may then remain at rest without carrying on the contemplation. However, it should not be done that way, and the mind should be fixed on the tip of the nose and the edge of the upper lip continuously noting as before. If the mind is so fixed attentively, the gentle form of flow of the in and out breathing will appear again and will be perceptible distinctly. By thus proceeding with constant contemplation of in and out breathing, the incoming and outgoing breath will appear unusual and peculiar. The following are the peculiarities mentioned in the Visuddhi magga. In some cases the in-breathing and out-breathing appear like a shining brilliant star or a bead of red (ruby) precious stones or a thread of pearls; To some, it appears with a rough touch like that of a stalk of cotton plant or a peg (bolt) made of inner substance of hard wood; To other like a long braided chain (necklace), or a wreath of flowers, or a tip of a column of smoke; To other like a broad net-work of cobweb or a film of cloud or a wheel of a chariot or a round disc of moon or sun. It is stated in Visuddhi Magga that the variety of forms and objects visualised is due to differences in ‘sañña’, perception, of the individuals concerned. These peculiar visionary objects are known as “patibhæga-nimitta”. Commencing from the time of this nimitta, the samædhi which is then developed is called “Upacæra-samædhi”. On continuing the contemplation with the aid of “Upacæra-samædhi”, the stage of “Appanæ-samædhi” of four (4) Rþpa-jhænas can be reached. This is the brief description of the preliminary practice for ‘Samatha’ by a person wishing to meditate by way of Samathayænika as a basis for the realization of Nibbæna. Those who desire to practise Vipassanæ should first of all be well equipped with a knowledge, either in brief or in extension, of the fact that living beings are made up of only two constituents of body (rþpa) and mind (næma), that the body and mind are formed because of relative cause and effect and that as they are undergoing perpetual change, they are impermanent subject to suffering and devoid of any permanent ego substance i.e. “atta”. A person who is thus fully equipped with the knowledge as mentioned above should, first and foremost, induce the jhænic state he has already attained and concentrate on it. He should then proceed by contemplating continuously the sensations, such as ‘seeing, hearing, touching, knowing (mind consciousness), etc.,’ occurring at the six sense-doors. If tiredness or exhaustion is felt by continuous effort in the contemplation of these varied objects, the jhæna to which he has become an adept may again be induced by making a firm resolve to remain in that jhænic state for 15 or 30 minutes. On expiry of the jhænic state, he should begin with the contemplation of that jhæna and proceed by contemplating continuously on the phenomena that occur at the six sense-doors, as before. This procedure of alternately inducing jhænic state and then proceeding with the contemplation of sensations at the six sense-doors should be carried out repeatedly. When vipassanæ samædhi is sufficiently strong he will be able to carry on the contemplation continuously day and night without any physical or mental strain. At this stage, it will be distinctly perceived, as a matter of course, that at every moment of contemplation body and mind (rþpa and næma) are blended together and arising in pairs. It will be also clearly perceived that this is but a process of cause and effect. At every moment of contemplation as both the object of sensation and mind-consciousness vanish, it will also be appreciated that all are impermanent, and that they are ills without any pleasantness and dependability; and also that they are merely a natural process of arising and passing away of things which do not consist of ‘atta’, enduring entity or soul. When the full knowledge of this phenomenal existence-‘anicca, dukkha and anatta’ is accomplished, there will arise the insight-knowledge of “magga and phala”, which will carry him on to the actual realization of Nibbæna. This is, in short, the practice by way of ‘samatha-yænika’ for the purpose of realizing Nibbæna. Practice by way of “Suddha-Vipassanæ-Yænika” If a person, who has acquired the knowledge of the phenomenal nature of rþpa-næma, anicca dukkha and anatta as stated in the foregoing, desires to practise ‘vipassanæ’, pure and simple, he should retire to a quiet place and seat himself cross-legged or in any convenient manner so as to enable him to sit for a ling time, with body erect, and then contemplate by fixing his attention on the physical and mental phenomena, i.e. ‘upædænakkhandhæ, or the Five Aggregates. These phenomena should be continuously contemplated and noted on every occasion of their arising in the body. ‘Upædænakkhandhæs’ or the Five Aggregates means the phenomena of existence which are clearly perceived at every moment of seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, touching and arising of mind-consciousness. At the moment of seeing both the visual object and the eye where seeing takes place, are perceived. These two things are of the material group. They are neither pleasurable nor ‘atta, the living soul, nor ‘self. However, those who fail to contemplate the phenomena on every occasion of their occurrence, do not realize that “they pass away immediately and are not permanent.” Nor they realize that these incessantly arise and disappear and are, therefore, mere sufferings; nor do they understand that “they are neither atta nor living entity, and are anatta in the sense that they are subject to the law of cause and effect and are arising and passing away of their own accord. For this lack of knowledge, the object which is seen and the eye, which sees are considered as things pleasurable, and hence, attachment follows. Blinded by illusion, they become attached to life existence as ‘living substance or atta’, living soul’, and ‘self’. Because of this wrong mental attitude and attachment, the known visual object and the eye are called “Rþpakkhandhæ”. Furthermore, eye-consciousness (cakku-viññæ¼a), feeling (vedanæ), perception (saññæ) of visual object, and exertion to see the visual object, mental volitional energy (sa³khæra) are also clearly perceived at the moment of seeing. They are merely of the mental group. They are neither pleasant nor ‘atta’ living entity; nor self, i.e. existence as an individual personality. Yet, those who do not notice each and every arising or occurrence of these phenomena do not understand that they are impermanent, sufferings and ‘not-self’ (anatta). They, therefore, consider these mental and physical phenomena and the elements in consciousness as being pleasant, and are accordingly attached to them. They also cling to them with ego and with erroneous view that “It is I who sees; it is I who feels; it is I who perceives; it is I who is looking fixedly.” It is because of such pleasurable attachment arising out of false views that these mental groups are called “Viññæ¼a-upædænakkhandhæ”, “Vedanæ-upædænakkhandhæ”, “Saññæ-upædænakkhandhæ”, “Sa³khæra upædænak-khandhæ”. This is how the five Upædænakkhandhæs and the physical and mental phenomena become obvious at the very moment of seeing the visual object through the eye. Similarly, the five “upædænakkhandhæs” are perceived distinctly at the very moment of hearing the sound through the ear, smelling the odour through the nose, knowing the taste through the tongue, feeling the sense of touch (tactile) through the body and knowing the mental objects (consciousness) through the mind-base. In particular, the tendencies, mental and physical, the elements in consciousness are concerned with both mind and matter (næma and rþpa). Though the material and mental phenomena are obviously taking place at every moment of seeing, hearing, etc., in the six spheres of senses, it is not possible for a beginner who is meditating, to contemplate or become mindful of all the occurrences in sequence as they arise. In Vipassanæ, it is essential that the most out-standing manifestation of the phenomenon in the body shall be contemplated first. It is just like in school where easy lesson to learn is taught at the beginning of the studies. Therefore, of the two constituents of matter (body) and mind. the more outstanding material phenomena should first be contemplated. Among the physical or material phenomena, the tactile bhuta-rþpa which is more manifest than the objects of sense-doors (upædæna-rþpas) should be chosen as the preliminary and prime object of contemplation at the beginning of the practice. Hence, with a view to noting the particularly outstanding bodily-contact, concentration should be made on the sitting posture of the entire body and contemplate continuously by making a mental note as sitting, sitting. While thus contemplating, the distinct feeling of bodily contact of the haunch or leg or any part of the body will be noticed. This feeling of bodily contact should be jointly contemplated along with ‘sitting’, continuously noting as ‘contacting’, ‘sitting’, ‘contacting’, turn by turn fixing attention on the body that is sitting and on the point of bodily contact. If this manner of contemplation as ‘sitting’ ‘contacting’ is, however, found to be difficult at the start, then contemplation can be done by fixing attention on the point of contact of the in-breathing and out-breathing, and by noting as ‘contacting’ ‘contacting’. Or, else, contemplation can be carried out by fixing attention on the rising and falling of the abdomen, which is motivated by respiration. To illustrate the manner of contemplation: firstly, the mind should be attentively riveted on the abdomen. It will then be noticed that the abdomen is rising and falling and that these movements take place in continual succession. If, at the beginning of practice, the movement is not clearly felt by fixing attention on the abdomen, one or both hands be placed on it. Suspension of breath, and quick or deep breathing should not be done. The natural course of normal breathing should be maintained. As and when abdomen is rising, contemplate noting as ‘rising’. The gradual rising of the abdomen from start to finish should be continuously noted without a lapse or without a break in the process of noting. The gradual ‘falling’ of the abdomen must also be contemplated in the same manner. Every act of ‘rising’ and ‘falling’ should be noted continuously and contemplated as ‘rising’, ‘falling’, ‘rising’, ‘falling’. For particular attention, it may be mentioned that the words ‘rising’ and ‘falling’ should not be uttered by mouth, but repeated by saying mentally. In fact, words are not of real significance. To know the actual movements of the abdomen and the feeling of sensations that arise in the body is of fundamental importance. If the contemplation is carried on by the simple act of mental observation without the act of mentally repeating the words, the contemplation will be casual and ineffective with many drawbacks such as, failing attention to reach closely enough to the object to which it is directed, failing to clearly distinguish and perceive the phenomena part by part respectively, and the deterioration of the necessary force of energy to contemplate. Therefore, it is directed to contemplate by repeating the words mentally as stated earlier. While contemplation is going on noting mentally as ‘rising’, ‘falling’, the mind may be found wandering to other sense-objects. These wandering mental states should be contemplated and noted as and when they arise. To cite an example: If it is found that the mind wanders to the objects other then those it is directed, it should be contemplated as ‘wandering’: if the mind intends to do something it should be contemplated as ‘intending’; if it is reflecting, it should be contemplated as ‘reflecting’; in the case of wanting something, it should be contemplated as ‘wanting’; in the case of being pleased or angry or disappointed, it should be contemplated as ‘wanting’; in the case of being pleased or angry or disappointed, it should be contemplated as ‘pleased’, ‘angry’, ‘disappointed’, respectively; and in the case of feeling lazy or happy, it should be contemplated as ‘lazy’, or ‘happy’, as the case may be. The contemplation should be carried out repeatedly until the wavering mind ceases to operate. Then, the contemplation should be reverted to the ‘rising and falling’ movement of the abdomen as before and carried on with the process of noting continually as ‘rising’, ‘falling’, ‘rising’, ‘falling’. If any disagreeable sensations (dukkha-vedanæ) such as, tiredness in limbs or feeling of hotness or pain etc., arise in the body, attention should be fixed on the spot where sensation arises and contemplation carried on as ‘tired, tired’, ‘hot, hot’, or ‘painful, painful’, as the case may be. When the disagreeable sensation ceases, “rising and falling” of the abdomen must again be contemplated continuously. Only when the painful sensations are so acute that they become unbearable, then the posture of the body, and the position of hands and legs have to be changed to get relief. When the act of changing is to be resorted to, attention should be fixed on the behaviour of the bodily movements and contemplation carried on as ‘bending’, ‘stretching’, ‘swaying’, ‘moving’, ‘raising’, ‘dropping down’, etc., in the successive order of the changing process. When the change is completed, then the contemplation on the “rising and falling” of the abdomen should be reverted to. When sometimes anything is being looked at, it should be contemplated as ‘looking’, ‘seeing’. If anything is seen unintentionally without being looked at, it should be contemplated as ‘seeing, seeing’. If it happens to be listening to something, it should be contemplated as ‘listening’. ‘hearing’. If anything is heard without making any effort to hear, it should be contemplated as ‘hearing, hearing’. If a reflecting thought takes place, it should be contemplated as ‘reflecting, reflecting’. Then again, contemplation should be reverted to the ‘rising and falling’ of the abdomen. In the case of changing from the sitting posture to that of standing or the lying posture, contemplation should be made minutely on all bodily behaviours that occur every time the change takes place. When walking, every movement involved in the process of taking steps should be carefully noted from start to finish and contemplated as ‘walking, walking’, or ‘taking step, taking step’, or ‘lifting’, ‘stepping’, and ‘dropping down’ (putting down). Briefly put, contemplation should be made on all actions of body and limbs, such as bending, stretching, raising, moving, etc., so as to perceive them in their true perspective as they occur. Physical sensations and mental feelings (vedanæ) should also be contemplated to know their true nature as they arise. Every mental activity such as thoughts, ideas, reflections, etc., should be contemplated to realize their true nature as they occur. In the absence of any special phenomenon while remaining calmly in the sitting or lying posture, contemplation should be carried out by fixing the attention on any of the bodily contacts. Instructions are, therefore, given here to dwell your mind upon the rising and falling movements of the abdomen, which are easy to explain and contemplate as primary or main objects in contemplation. But, if desirable, either the contemplation of the sitting posture of the body and of bodily contact or the contemplation of the feeling of contact in the flow of respiration (inward and outward breathing) can be carried out as fundamentals in meditation. When contemplative attention can be easily fixed on any phenomenon as it arises, there is no need to contemplate on the aforesaid fundamentals. In that case, contemplation should be made noting every phenomenon of seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, feeling of bodily contact consciousness of thoughts and reflections as and when they arise. If the yogø (disciple), who is carrying out continuous contemplation in the aforesaid manner and who has thereby developed samædhinæna, will personally perceive the arising and dissolution or passing away of the mind for several times within a second. But a yogø who is a beginner in the practice of contemplation cannot possibly perceive the extremely fast phenomena that are taking place. It may be comparable to the case of a person who is a novice in learning how to read and to that of a person who is well-advanced in studies, one of whom can read much faster than the other who is slow. Nevertheless, a person who has just begun the practice of meditation should endeavour to practise contemplation so that the can make note of the arising phenomenon with awareness not less than once in every second. (Here ends the Vipassanæ practice in brief) Development of Vipassanæ-Samædhi-Ñæ¤a& MAGGA-PHALA£Æ¤A In spite of his endeavour to contemplate without a break to be able to note the phenomena not less than once in every second, a novice in the practice of meditation is apt to forget to observe quite a number of bodily behaviours and mental activities. As pointed out in the section on “Samatha Kamma¥¥hæna”, there will be many ‘nøvara¼as’ which cause the mind to wander to other objects. What is important is that in practising ‘samatha kamma¥¥hæna’, there is no need to contemplate on the mind that forgets to observe, and the wandering mind, and that it is only necessary to recapitulate the original ‘samatha’ contemplation. However, in the case of “Vipassanæ-Kamma¥¥hæna” the mind that forgets to observe and the mind that wanders should be contemplated. Only after such contemplation with awareness, it should be reverted to the contemplation of the rising and falling of the abdomen and the arising of other phenomena. This is one of the points which essentially differs in dispelling nøvara¼as between the practice of samatha-bhævanæ and that of vipassanæ-bhævana. In the case of samatha-bhævanæ, one has to contemplate continuously on the object of ‘samatha’ so that the mind is fixed on one single object only. It is not necessary to observe any other physical or mental phenomenon. Therefore, there is no need to contemplate on hindrances such as thoughts and imagination which arise occasionally. It is only necessary to dispel them as and when they occur. In Vipassanæ-bhævanæ, however, as the contemplation is to be made on all physical and mental phenomena arising at the six sense-doors. the popping up of nøvara¼as such as desires, greed, pleasurable feelings and wandering thoughts which sometimes escape the meditator’s notice, must be observed and contemplated. If not so contemplated, the mind will have its attachment to these nøvara¼as with a wrong view that they are permanent, pleasurable and ‘atta’ (Self). So, when such mental formations arise, it is not just enough to merely disregard them as in the case of samatha. More convincingly, it may be stated that the task of vipassanæ practice will be accomplished only if contemplation is also made on them so as to know correctly the real nature with their natural and usual characteristics and to get detached from them. When repeated contemplation is made many times in the manner described above, the wandering mind will almost entirely disappear and with its disappearance, the mind will be free from hindrances. If the mind flits away from the object of contemplation, it can at once be noticed and contemplated, and by doing so the mind will immediately cease to wander. Even at times when the mind tends to leave its contemplated object, it can immediately be observed and contemplated. The mind will then cease to wander making it possible to proceed with the usual contemplation without interruption. At this level of the contemplation, the contemplating mind always closely fits in fixedly with its object of contemplation. This fixedness of mind (samædhi) is Vipassanæ-khanikasamædhi (momentary concentration of insight). The mind now being free from nøvara¼as such as ‘kæmmacchanda’ (sensuous lust) is, therefore, on equal footing with “upacæra-samædhi” (proximate concentration) in the path of “Samatha-kamma¥¥hæna”. As the mind is no longer mixed up with any hindrances that cause the mind to wander, and being purified forming a continuous chain of identical thoughts deep in one-pointedness of the mind in the act of contemplation, it is called “Citta-Visuddhi” (Purity of mind). Then the material or physical phenomena such as, rising and falling (of the abdomen) etc., which are being observed and noted, are perceived at every moment of contemplation distinctively without mixing up with the knowing mind (næma) and other material objects (rþpa). Also, the mental phenomena such as the act of contemplating, consciousness of thoughts, act of seeing, etc., are also perceived at every moment of contemplation as distinguished from material phenomena and other mental phenomena. Even at every moment of breathing, the body that is known and the knowing mind are observed and noted with clear distinction. This knowledge of discernment distinguishing between mind and matter is known as “næmarþpa-pariccheda ñæ¼a”. When this insight-knowledge has been developed many a time, the known material object such as the phenomena of ‘rising and falling’ and the knowing mind which realizes the act of seeing, knowing, etc., are clearly understood as being only ‘rþpa’ (matter that has no sensitivity of knowing things) and ‘næma’ (mind which has the power or sense of knowing, seeing or feeling the material objects and mental activities) which in fact constitute the two main factors of this bodily existence. Apart from these two constituents of life existence, there is no ‘atta’, or Self, and knowing this well one becomes elated. This realization of knowledge in the course of contemplation is called “Di¥¥hi-Visuddhi” (Purity of View). On proceeding further with the contemplation, it will be appreciated for having perceived that the material and mental phenomena that are arising in the body are the results of cause and effect. For illustration: The disciple is pleased for having perceived the fact that because of the mind intending to bend or stretch or move or change the posture, there arise the action of bending, stretching, moving; or changing; because of the fluctuations of temperature, condition in the physical body changes either by being hot or cold; and because of the partaking of food there arises formations of the physical energy. Again he perceives with satisfaction that because of the presence of the eye and visual object, ear and sound, etc., the act of seeing, hearing etc., has occurred; and because of the volitional attentiveness, the mind reaches its sense-object. Again, he perceives with entire satisfaction that because of ‘Avijjæ’ (ignorance or delusion) things appear as being fine and pleasurable; because of ‘ta¼hæ’ (cravings) all kinds of deeds are performed after premeditation, being willing to get better-off and delighted or obtain satisfaction: and because of attachment to such actions, thoughts and performances there arise afresh ‘viññæ¼a’ (consciousness): and that the phenomenon of death is nothing but the eventual passing away or disappearance of such consciousness; and that the new life existence (another birth) is the resurgence of such mental consciousness together with the new corporeal body to be depended upon, and so forth. This distinguishing knowledge of Dependent Origination of cause and effect is known as “paccaya-pariggahañæ¼a” (the knowledge that distinguishes between cause and effect). When it is realized that this process of Dependent Origination is result of the relativity of cause and effect, he becomes aware of the fact that matter and mind (rþpa and næma) had also arisen in the past and that in future also similar occurrences of matter and mind will again take place. Such realization of knowledge with inner satisfaction is called ‘Ka³khæ-Vitarana-Visuddhi’ (purity arising from having overcome doubts). Before the realization of the right knowledge of rþpa and næma as being taking place within the law of cause and effect, many sceptical doubts could have arisen as to whether there was such a thing as “I” or atta or “Self” in the past falsely viewing rþpa and næma as ‘atta’ and a living entity! And that doubts may arise whether “I” come into existence only now and whether “I” in the sense of “Self” will exist hereafter, after death? Now that these sceptical doubts cannot possibly arise. It means that such doubts have been overcome. On proceeding further with the contemplation it will be observed that all rþpa and næma arise and pass away at every moment of contemplation. For this reason the phenomenal nature of their impermanence will be known and appreciated. This is “Anicca-sammæsana-ñæ¼a.” (Insight into the impermanent nature of phenomena). It will also be observed and perceived that the natural phenomena of rþpa and næma are constantly taking place and that this arising and passing away of matter and mind have incessantly caused sufferings, and therefore, they are neither pleasant nor reliable, and are terribly miserable and distressing. This is “Dukkha-sammæsana-ñæ¼a” (Insight into ill-condition). Realizing the fact that these conditioned things are happening on their own volition and that their phenomenal occurrences do not follow the dictates of one’s own will, they are observed and perceived as neither “atta” nor “Self” but merely “anatta” (Not-self). This is “Anatta-sammæsana-ñæ¼a” (Insight into non-atta or non-self). After having made an analytical observation and reflection on these facts with entire satisfaction, the disciple proceed with his contemplation as usual without further reflection. At this stage, he will clearly perceive the beginning of the arising of sensation towards the sense-object at every moment of his contemplation. He will also perceive the coming to an end of this sensation which is completely severed. At this juncture there may arise many other strange happenings, such as: (1) mental visions of brilliant or bright light (2) arising of rapturous feelings (3) arising of feelings of calmness (4) strong devotional feelings relating to Buddha and Dhamma (5) great enthusiasm to carry out the practice of meditation (6) joyful feelings (7) extremely rapid, clear and purified perception of sense-objects (8) the capability of practising mindfulness without missing to note any sensation that needs be contemplated. (9) the capability to contemplate automatically without making particular effort. (10) feeling of subtle pleasure in the contemplation. The yogø (disciple) is so much encouraged and elated that he cannot remain mute and cannot help recounting his experiences. This is just an initial or immature stage of “Udayabbhaya-ñæ¼a” and a misconception of “maggañæ¼a”. In fact, it is only through the knowledgeable experience of the scriptural texts or the instructions of the meditation teacher that decision should be arrived at with faith whether such vision of brilliant light, etc., are not the true Enlightenment and that spiritual enlightenment can be achieved only by contemplating continuously on all material and mental phenomena that arise, through the practice of Vipassanæ. The making of such a decision is known as Maggæmagga-ñæ¼a-dassana-visuddhi” (Purity of insight into right and wrong paths). After having come to this decision if the contemplation is carried on in continuity, those feelings of contentment and satisfaction and mental visions of light will gradually decrease, and the perception of the objects will become clearer and clearer with awareness. The gradual arising and dissolution of numerous phenomena with all their movements taking place at a snail pace will be clearly perceived fragment by fragment, in the course of a single act of bending or stretching the arm or the leg or of taking a step, before it even reaches from one stage of a series of movement to another, that is, without reaching the end of a chain in the consecutive movements of the limb from one position to another. This knowledge is the mature form of “Udayabbhaya-ñæ¼a”, flawlessly free from ‘Upakkilesa’ (impurities). When this ‘ñæ¼a’ has gained more strength, the perception of the phenomenal sense-objects becomes accelerated. Therefore, the end-vanishing of the sense-feelings is more clearly manifested and becomes more noticeable than the beginning of their arising. Then, all sense-objects would appear as if they have already vanished. Forms and shapes of hand, leg, head, body, etc., are no longer perceived and are found to be fading away followed by dissolution every time contemplation is made. It is also perceived with awareness that even the contemplating mind along with its objects of contemplation vanishes one after the other immediately in succession. This knowledge and awareness of the process of vanishing in pairs of the sense-object and the knowing mind at every moment of contemplation is called “Bhanga-ñæ¼a” (Insight into the dissolution of things). Having perceived that both the knowing mind and the phenomenal sense-objects are constantly passing away, there arises the knowledge that they are really frightful. This knowledge is, however, viewed with pleasure. This is “Baya-ñæ¼a” (Awareness of frightful condition). Then there arises the realization of the fact that these psycho-physical phenomena so rapidly dissolving are undesirable being faulty and defective in nature. This is “Ædinava- ñæ¼a” (Insight into unsatisfactory condition). On proceeding with the contemplation, awareness of the unattractive and boring nature of things takes place. This is “Nibbidæ- ñæ¼a” (Insight into wearisome condition). Then, knowledge or awareness also occurs looking forward to escape from the misery and sufferings brought about by those phenomena of arising and passing away of rþpas and næmas, and thinking at the same time that it would be better if these physical and mental phenomena cease to exist altogether. This knowledge is “Muccitu-kamyata- ñæ¼a” (Knowledge or insight arising from desire to escape). At this stage, as contemplation is carried on with most anxiousness for an escape (deliverance), a clear perception of ‘anicca’, ‘dukkha’ and ‘anatta’ would arise. In particular, the nature of dukkha, sufferings, may be perceived very convincingly. This is “Patisa¼kha- ñæ¼a” (Insight arising out of further contemplation). When this ‘Patisa¼kha- ñæ¼a’ is fully strengthened, contemplation and awareness become automatic and proceed on its own like the machine of a clock. It proceeds contemplating on objects with equanimity, i.e., superficially taking notice of them, and avoiding to pursue the arising of good or bad sensations. It is so very delicate and gentle. Such contemplation may go on automatically with awareness as it gains momentum for one hour, two hours or three hours. Even though it may last so long, there will be no tiredness or exhaustion. The realization of the true nature of the objects of contemplation without exertion and without pursuing good or bad sensations in the course of the contemplation which lasts for a long time is “Sa¼khærupekkhæ- ñæ¼a” (Knowledge or insight arising from viewing things with equanimity). While such realization is going on automatically, extremely fast and active knowledge reappears and this knowledge which advances with a big rush towards a noble path known as “Vutthæna-magga” is called “Vutthæna-gamini. vipassanæ- ñæ¼a” (Insight leading to elevation). That special knowledge appears with the realization that physical and mental phenomena which occur at the six sense-doors momentarily are impermanent, suffering and ‘not-self’ (anatta). The knowledge that arises at the last moment is “Anuloma- ñæ¼a” (Knowledge of adaptation) which consists of three ‘javanas’, impulse moments, called ‘Parikamma’ (preparation), ‘Upacæra’ (approach) and ‘Anuloma’ (adaptation). This is the “Ñæ¼a” that is gained in consonance or in harmony with the preceding eight “Vipassanæ- ñæ¼a” and subsequent “Magga- ñæ¼a” (Knowledge of the Path). Insights from the mature “Udayabbaya-ñæ¼a” to the “Anuloma-ñæ¼a” totalling nine in number are collectively known as “Patipadæ-ñæ¼a-dassana-visuddhi” (Purity of knowledge and insight arising from having followed the course of practice). After ‘Anuloma-ñæ¼a’, there arises “Gotrabhu-ñæ¼a” (Knowledge overmastering kinship) which grasps the sensation towards Nibbæna where the miseries and sufferings connected with rþpa and næma entirely cease. This is the knowledge which severs the lineage of ‘puthujjanas’ (worldlings) and enters the lineage of the ‘Ariyæs’ (Noble Ones). Then, there arise “sotæpatti Magga and Phala Ñæ¼a” (Insight wisdom arising from the Noble Path of Stream-winning and its Fruition) which realises Nibbæna. The ‘Maggañæ¼a’ is called “Ñæ¼a-dassana-visuddhi” (Purity of insight). The moment of arising of the ‘magga and Phala Ñæ¼a’ does not last even for a second. Then retrospective reflection of the peculiar experiences of the “Magga, Phala and Nibbæna” takes place. This is “Paccavakkhanæ-ñæ¼a” (Insight of retrospection). One who has acquired knowledge up to the stage of ‘paccavakkhanæ-ñæ¼a’ seriatim to the procedure outlined above, is a “Sotæpannæ” (Stream-Winner). A Sotæpannæ is free from the following three ‘Samyo janas’ (fetters): (1) Sakkæya-di¥¥hi-Erroneous view of matter and mind (rþpa and næma) as a living substance, ego or ‘self’, i.e., Personality Belief. (2) Vicikicchæ-Doubt or uncertainty of the belief about the Buddha, Dhamma, Sangha, and the discipline, and about the practice of moralities. (3) Sølabbata-paræmæsa-Belief in ritualism; wrong belief that methods other then that of cultivating the equalities of the (Eightfold) Ariya-magga (Noble Path) and developing vipassanæ insight will lead to Nibbæna. Eternal Peace; Indulgence in wrongful rites and ceremonies. Furthermore, in the case of a Sotæpanna, his observance of the five precepts, morality, remains pure and unpolluted as a matter of course. For these reasons, a Sotæpanna is liberated from the four Nether Worlds and after being reborn in the world of human beings and devas for seven existences at the most he will attain Arahatship in his last seventh existence and pass into Nibbæna. If a Sotæpanna practises vipassanæ meditation with a view to getting to the state of phala, which he has once acquired, he will reach ‘phala-sammæpatti’ and remain in that state for a duration of five or ten minutes or half an hour or one hour as he may predetermine. If he is an adept in his practice of ‘phala-sammæpatti’, he can easily get himself absorbed in that state for a whole day or a whole night or longer. If he carries out the contemplation of “Upædænakkhandhæs” in the same manner aiming to realize the higher states of magga-phala to which he has not yet reached, vipassanæ-ñæ¼as will be developed from the stage of Udayabbaya-ñæ¼a in the serial order as before, and on full maturity, he will realize Nibbæna with the insight-knowledge of “Sakadægæmi-magga-phala” (Path and fruition leading to the state of the Once-Returner), and become a Sakadægæmi. (Once-Returner). A Sakadægæmi is free from coarse sensuous cravings (kæmaræga) and coarse byæpæda’ (ill-will). Therefore, a Sakadægæmi will attain arahatship and enter Nibbæna only after two existences at the most, in the world of human beings and devas. When a Sakadægæmi carries out the practice of ‘vipassanæ’ with intention to reach the state of ‘magga and phala’ which he has once accomplished, he will achieve that state and if the practice of vipassanæ meditation is proceeded with in the same manner so as to realize the higher state of magga-phala, he will attain Nibbæna with the insight of “Anægæmi-magga-phala” (Path and fruition leading to the state of ‘Never-Returner’ and become an “Anægæmi”. An Anægæmi is absolutely free from ‘kæmaræga’ and ‘byæpæda’ and will never be reborn in the world of human beings or of devas, but only in Brahma World of Form or Formless Sphere from which he will attain Nibbæna after becoming an Arahat. If an Anægæmi wishes to get to the state of phala-sammæpatti and carries out the practice of vipassanæ, he will reach his objective. If he continues vipassanæ meditation with a view to attaining higher states of magga-phala, the Vipassanæ-ñæ¼a’ will become developed stage by stage to the extent of achieving the realization of Nibbæna and will attain Arahatship. An Arahat is absolutely free from the remaining five ‘Samyojanas’, namely: (1) Rþpa-ræga (craving for material existence) (2) Arþpa-ræga (craving for immaterial existence) (3) Mæna (conceit) (4) Uddhacca (restlessness), and (5) Avijjæ (ignorance or delusion together with all ‘kilesæs’, defilements). Therefore, an arahat will never be reborn in a new existence. At the end of the life-span in this existence he will enter into “parinibbæna”. As there is no more rebirth for him after the parinibbæna, he will escape from all miseries and sufferings of old age, sickness, death etc., etc. It is with this objective to get the benefit of being liberated from these miseries and sufferings, that the following question has been raised and answer given to it at the very outset of this treatise. Q. Why should kamma¥¥hæna meditation be practised? A. Kamma¥¥hæna meditation should be practised so as to reach Nibbæna, thereby escaping from all kinds of misery, such as old age, death, etc. May all those who earnestly wish to get liberated from old age, death and other kinds of misery through realization of Nibbæna be able to practise meditation as duly instructed herein and speedily attain the Eternal Peace of Nibbæna. The purpose of this glossary is to explain words used in this treatise for which no explanation has been tendered and also those terms in Sanskrit and commonly used Pæ¹i that may be unfamiliar to Western readers. Abiññæ : The five supernormal powers. Ænæpæna : A method in meditation practice by in and out breathing exercise; inhaled and exhaled breath; respiration. Anatta : “No soul” (doctrine) of Buddhism; Non-self: not a self; without individuality; unsubstantiality. Anussati : Recollection: attentiveness by fixing the mind. Arahat : One who has completed the discipline according to the Buddha’s teachings required to attain final liberation; one who has reached the final (highest) stage of insight wisdom and the attainment of Nibbæna. Æhæra : Food, nourishment, nutriment. Ariyæ : A Noble One; the noble ones who have reached a stage in the practice of vipassanæ meditation which will lead to the cessation of all suffering. Arþpa : Absence of form; incorporeal; belonging to Formless Brahma World. Asubha : Disagreeable; disgusting; impurity. Hence Asubhabhævanæ means contemplation of the impurity of the body. Bhava : Existence; being. Brahmæ : A celestial being of the abode of Brahma World; a noble being. Brahmavihæra : Perfect goodwill towards all beings; general benevolence; Sublimes State of Consciousness. Buddha : The Enlightened One; the Illumined One; The Omniscient. Citta : Memory recognition. Deva (Skt.) : A celestial being; Heavenly being. Dhamma : Rule of doctrine and discipline taught by Buddha; teachings of the Buddha; the Truth. Dukkha : Suffering, pain, misery, sorrow, unhappiness, unsatisfactoriness. Jhæna : Attainment of a mystic state by perfect contemplation (with supernatural ecstasy, serenity and / or powers); abstraction of the mind; plunged in profound trance. Kamma¥¥hæna : The term is applied to religious exercises or meditations; by means of which samædhi, jhæna and the four paths are attained; one of the modes of Buddhist meditation; analytical meditation. Kasina : The name for one of the divisions of the kamma¥¥hæna and is a process by means of which mystic meditation may be induced. The word ‘kasina’ is the Sanskrit and probably named thus because in practising it the mind is wholly absorbed or engrossed in one predominant object on which it is intently fixed. Magga : The Right Path; path, track. Mettæ (Skt.) : Loving-kindness; goodwill; the first of the four Brahma-vihæras. Ñæ¼a : Knowledge of the true Path; wisdom or insight gained through vipassanæ meditation in accordance with the Noble Eightfold Path. Næma-rþpa : Mind and body: name and form; the term designates the individual sentient being viewed as an aggregate of mental and physical elements; the five khandhæs; the two main constituents of the corporeal body. Nibbæna (P) : Nirvæna (Skt), final goal of Buddhism reached through arahatship; the term conveys in a vigorous metaphor the fullest idea of the cessation of existence; a state of bliss; eternal peace; extinction of all kinds of cravings. Nimitta : The first sign or image of mental illumination produced by the successful exercise of Kamma¥¥hæna. Nøvarana : Obstacle, hindrance; obstacles to a religious life or in the exercise of religious meditation. there are five nøvara¼as which cause hindrance to the realization of the Truth. Phala : Fruition attained through attainment of magga-ñæ¼a. Rþpa (Skt.) : Body, form; the material matter. Sæmædhi : Complete concentration, tranquility, calm, tranquil state of mind acquired through absorbed contemplation or mindfulness. Samatha : Self-control through meditation to gain tranquility of the mind. Samathayænika : One who makes quietude his vehicle of samatha. Ta¼hæ : Lust, desire, or human passion. It is a technical term of Buddhist philosophy and denotes all kinds of attachment or craving. Upædæna : Desire or cleaving to existence for the root or actual producing cause of renewed existence. Vipassanæ : Insight meditation spiritual insight; hence, vipassanæ-ñæ¼a an attribute of arahatship produced by the successful exercise of esctatic meditation. Visuddhi : Purity; holiness. 
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