ed'gef;

b0wk oAÁr*FvH

            þt&d,m0go w&m;awmfBuD;pmtkyf jzpfay:vmyHk taMumif;udk a&;om;&mwGif-

1/ uRefawmfü i,f½G,fpOfu todÓPf jzpfay:vmcJhyHk/
2/ aus;Zl;½Sif r[mpnf q&mawmfbk&m;xHodkY uRefawmf a&mufcJhyHk?
3/ uRefawmf w&m;vdkufpm;cJhyHk?
4/ t&d,m0go w&m;awmfBuD;udk emMum;cJhyHk?
5/ pmtkyftjzpf yHkESdyf&ef êud;pm;cJhyHk-- [lí tydkif; 5-ydkif; cGJum a&;om;vdkygonf/

uRefawmfi,f½G,fpOfu

            uRefawmfonf rav;ûrdYü xif½Sm;ausmfapmcJhaom q&m0efBuD; OD;pHMuL;ESifh ZeD; a':rrav;wdkYrS zGm;jrifcJhaom tBuD;qHk;om; jzpfygonf/

            uRefawmf\ zcifBuD;onf trsm;aom &[ef;½Sifvl taygif;wdkYu oDv*kPfç orm"d*kPfESifh jynfhpHkaom q&m0efBuD;[k *kPfûycJhonfhtavsmuf? xdkacwfu rav;c½dkifwGif xif½Sm;ausmfapmcJh ygonf/

            tpdk;&trIxrf;tjzpf tESpf (30)cefYrQ xrf;aqmifNyD;aemuf tNidrf;pm;,lí tjyifvlemrsm; udk vufcHukocJh&mwGif tema&m*g raysmufuif;aom vlem[lí rawGY&oavmuf jzpfygonf/

            uRefawmfonf xdkpOfu touf(15)ESpfcefY i,f½G,folwOD;jzpfí aumif;rGefpGm a0zefEdkifpGrf;aom todÓPfr½Sdao;&um;? ]]ighzciftygt0if q&m0efBuD;awG[m vlawGrSm jzpfwwfwJh a&m*g[lorQudk ukefpifatmifaq;0g;jzifh wm;EdkifMuwmcsnf;bJ? vlrrmawGuom vma&mufrukoMuvdkY raooifhbJ aoMuwmbJ? &efukefu q&m0efBuD;awGqdkvQif ypönf;u&d,mawGuvJjynfhpHk? aq;0g; awGuvJ jynfhpHkMuawmh b,fa&m*grqdk wm;qD;EdkifMurSmbJ}} [k vGJrSm;pGm ,lqrdcJhygonf/

            uRefawmf\ rdbrsm;uvnf; ypönf;Opöm <u,f0jyef? *kPftoa& t½Sdeft0guvnf; BuD;jyefonfhtjyif wdkuftdrfESifh armfawmfum;ESifhvnf; jzpfjyefaomaMumifh? raMumifhrMu rawmifhrw&bJ pdwfoGm;wdkif;ukd,fygí vdk&mNyD;ajrmufae&um;? ]]vlYb0BuD;onf csrf;omokcESifh jynfhpHkaom bHkAdrmefBuD;wck jzpfonf}}[k vGJrSm;pGm rSwf,lrdcJhygonf? aojcif;w&m;udk rqdkxm;bd? qif;&Jjcif;udkyif rpOf;pm;cJhyg/

            waeYaom uHMur®mzefvmyHku-uRefawmf\ rdcifBuD; rarQmfvifhbJ ESvHk;a&m*g pGJuyfvmyg awmhonf/ (Congestive Heart Failure) [k ac:aom a&m*gonf rdcifBuD;tm; aeYaygif;rsm;pGm naygif;rsm;pGm ESdyfpufcJhaomaMumifh? rEÅav;ûrdYwGif tBuD;qHk;jzpfaom t*Fvdyfq&m0efBuD;ESifhtwl uRefawmf\ zcifBuD;onf pGrf;tm;½Sdoavmuf tm;oGefcGefpdkuf ukoMuygaomfvnf;? rdcifBuD;rSm csrf;omcGifhr&bJ b0wyg;odkY ajymif;oGm;ygawmhonf/

            xdktcgusrSyif ]]vlwdkYü tcsdeft½G,fra½G; a&m*ga0'em uyfa&mufwwfonf? vlwdkYü uyfa&mufwwfaom a&m*ga0'emwdkif;udk q&m0efBuD;rsm;onf rwm;jrpfEdkif? vlwdkYonf BuD;onfç i,fonfr[l aowwfonf}} [laom todÓPfwdkY uRefawmfhrSm ay:vmygawmhonf/

            rdcifBuD;uG,fvGefNyD;aemuf uRefawmfonf touf(23) ESpf t½G,fwGif aq;wuúodkvfodkY ynmawmfoifa&mufygonf? aq;wuúodkvf cGJpdwfcef;wGif vlaoaumifrsm;ç vlYcE¨mudk,f tpdwftydkif;rsm;udk aeYpOfawGYae&aomtcg ]]vlawG[m aooGm;wJhtcg iSufaysmwHk;ç xif;wHk;yrm bmrStoHk;rusawmhyguvm;? wcsdefwkef;uqkd,if 'DvlaoaumifawG[m vlYavmurSm olwdkYudk,folwdkY raoawmhrJhtwdkif; aysmfvdkuf yg;vdkufç armfvdkuf <um;vdkufESifh aevmcJhMurSmbJ? rl;olurl;ç aomufpm;olu aomufpm;ç &rf;um;olu &rf;um;ç rawmfrw&m;awG vkyfoluvkyfeJY xifovdk aevmcJhMurSmbJ? wcsdKYqdk,if b,fvdk BuD;yGg;atmif vkyfjyvdkufr,f? a½SYESpfcg b,fodkY? vmrJh a½SYESpftcsdefrSm b,fyHk? b,fESpftwGif;rSm b,fvdktqifhtwef;a&muf&r,f[k pDrHudef;awGcsNyD; arQmfvifhcsufBuD;awGeJY pdwful;,OfvmMuayrJh waeYusawmh cEÅmudk,fysufûyef;NyD; ausmif;om;awG&JU (Anatomy) oifwJh aq;wuúodkvf cGJpdwfcef;rSm pefYpefYBuD; a&mufvm&awmhwmbJ? olwdkY&JU pDrHudef;awG arQmfvifhcsufawGeJYawmh tdk;pm;uGJvmcJhMuNyD}} [k awG;rdum oHa0* &rdygonf/

            waeYaomf uRefawmf\ q&mawmfbl;ol q&m0efBuD;wOD;onfyifvQif ½kwfw&uf Oyapä'uuHaMumifh aovGefcJh&m? ol\½kyf<uif;rSm aq;½HkBuD; &ifcGJ½HkodkY a&mufvmygawmhonf? tavmif;udk oGm;a&muf Munfh½Iaomtcg tm;tifoefpGrf;wkef;ç t½G,faumif;wkef; jzpfygvsuf? ûAH;ueJ aovGefcJhav&m udk,ft*Fgtpdwftydkif;wdkY jywfowfusdK;yJhNyD; aoaeonfudk awGY&aom uRefawmfrSm rsm;pGmxdwfvefY wkefvIyfrdygawmhonf/

            þodkY ted|m½Hkrsm;tMum;wGif usifvnfcJh&NyD;aemuf q&m0efjzpfvmjyefaomtcgüvnf;? aq;wuúodkvfüyif enf;jyq&mtjzpf trIxrf;cJh&jyefaomaMumifh ted|m½Hkrsm;tMum;üyif epfrGef;aecJh& jyefygonf/

            xdktcsdefrSpí trsdK;rsdK;aom owdoHa0*wdkY jzpfay:vmum? rdbwdkYtpOftquf udk;uG,f vmcJhaom &wemoHk;yg;odkY pdwfnGwfp ûyvmygonf/

r[mpnfq&mawmfxH a&mufcJhyHk

            q|oH*g,emwifyGJBuD; rprD 1952-ckESpfodkY a&mufaomtcg? q|oH*g,emwif&eftwGuf yd#uwfusrf;pmwdkYudk êudwifwnf;jzwfokwfoif&ef ,dk;',m;? oD[dkVf? uarÁm'D;,m;? avmESifh jrefrmEdkifiH t&yf&yfrS oHCr[mem,uBuD;rsm;? r[max&fBuD;rsm;? r[mygarmu©BuD;rsm;? usrf;wwfaywwf t"dywd rax&fBuD;rsm; &efukef omoemh&dyfomodkY a&mufvmMuygonf/

            uRefawmftm; ¤if;q&mawmf oHCmawmfrsm;udk we*FaEG wywfvQif 2-Budrfus apwemh0efxrf; aq;0g;uko&ef EdkifiHawmf Ak'¨omoe tzGJY\ arwåm&yfcHcsuft&? oGm;a&muf ukoaomaMumifh tqdkyg q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;rsm;\ tqHk;trMo0g'wdkYudk rjywfMum;emcGifh &cJhygonf/

            þomoemh&dyfomum; aus;Zl;½Sif r[mpnf q&mawmfbk&m;BuD; oDwif;oHk;&mXmeBuD; jzpfaMumif;udk txl;a&;om;&ef rvdkyg? odkY&mwGif xdkpOfu uRefawmfESifh r[mpnf q&mawmf bk&m;BuD;rSm awGU&qHk&cJvSygonf/

            uRefawmfonf tcsdef&wdkif; omoema&;qdkif&m usrf;pmtkyfrsm;udk zwfavh½Sdygonf? waeYoü "r®puúy0wåeokwf ygXfedó, usrf;pmtkyfudk zwfMum;&m (,HudOöd ork',"r®H oAÁH wH eda&m""r®H) [laom tydk'fudk pdwf0ifpm;pGm zwfrdygonf/

            uRefawmf\ pdwfonf txl;tm;jzifh wkefvIyfrdygonf? þpmtkyfudk tomcsí avmuBuD;\ jzpfyHkysufyHkwdkYudk warQmfwac:BuD; awG;rd&m tcsdeftawmfMumoGm;ygawmhonf/

            ]]vlawG[m pdwfnpfol npf? a'gojzpfoljzpf? idkolidkeJY aumif;uGuf&,fvdkY r½Sd? rdk;arSmifMuaewJh ncsrf;rSm wcsufwcsuf vQyfjyufovdk aomuAsmyg'awG tMum;rSm wcsufwcsuf omvQif vlYcsrf;om okcqdkwm &MuwmbJ}} [k awG;rdygonf/

            wckaomncsrf;ü 1313-ckESpf? wefaqmifrkef;vqkwf 14-&ufaeYnu t*¾r[my@dw r[mpnfq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;onf toHvTifh XmerS toHvTifha[mMum;cJhaom r[mowdy|mef w&m;awmfBuD; pmtkyfudk zwf½Irdygonf/

            xdkw&m;awmfBuD;udk usifhoHk;ygu-

1/ pdwftnpftaMu;wdkYrS oefY½Sif;pifMu,faponf/
2/ pdk;&drfylyefjcif;rS vGefajrmufEdkifonf/
3/ udk,fqif;&J pdwfqif;&JawG csKyfNidrf;Edkifonf/
4/ t&d,mr*fÓPfudkvJ &Edkifonf/
5/ tvGefw&mrS at;jronfh edAÁmefudkyif rsufarSmufûyEdkifonf-

[kawGY&aomaMumifh? ¤if;owdy|mefw&m;awmfBuD;udkrsm;pGm pdwf0ifpm;rdygawmhonf? r[mpnf q&mawmfbk&m;BuD; a[mMum;awmfrlonfh w&m;yGJrsm;odkYvnf; oGm;a&muf emMum;vdkpdwf jzpfay:vmygawmhonf/

            tvkyfudpörsm;aom uRefawmfrSm pdwfoGm;wdkif; udk,frygcJhyg? odkY&mwGif omoemh&dyfomodkY xdkpOfu we*FaEGwywfvQif 2-Budrfus aq;0g;uko&ef a&mufavh½Sd&m? uRefawmfwdkYtm; {nfhcHavh ½Sdaom qGrf;pm;ausmif;rS a,m*D a':at;Munfu r[mpnfq&mawmfbk&m;BuD; a[mMum;awmfrlonfh pmtkyftopfrsm; xGufwdkif; xGufwkdif;? vufaqmiftjzpf ay;avh½SdaomaMumifh aumif;pGm zwf½IcJh&ygonf/

            xdktcg ]],cifu igodcJhaom w&m;todawG[m bm0emr,ÓPftm;jzifh odwJhtod r[kwfao;yguum;? okwr,ÓPfç pdEÅmr,ÓPftodjzifh odwJh todawGom ½Sdao;ygwum;? bm0emr,ÓPfjzifh odatmifêud;pm;&efwm0ef ighrSm ½Sdao;yguvm;}} [k awG;rdygonf/

            vlawG[m þwb0wnf;ESifh rNyD;ao;yg? b0aygif;rsm;pGm usifvnfMu&ygOD;rnf? rnfrQusifvnfMu&OD;rnfudkvJ b,folrQ rajymEdkifyg? edA©mefra&mufrDpyfMum; w0Jvnfvnf usifvnf Mu&ygOD;rnf? vltjzpfjzifh usifvnfMu&vQif awmfygao;onf? wd&pämefb0ç Nydwåmb0ponfwdkYjzifh usifvnfMu&ygrl aMumufp&maumif;vSygonf/

            vlYb0jzifh usifvnf&jcif;onfyifvQif 'ku©awG 0dkif;0dkif;vnfaeygawmhonf? 'ku©wrsdK;rS rvGwfao;cif aemufxyf 'ku©wrsdK; 0ifvmwwfygonf? þ'ku©awGNidrf;atmif pGrf;Ekdifwmuawmh owdy|mefw&m;awmfBuD;bJ ½Sdonf[k em;vnfvmygonf? vufawGYjzpfatmif êud;pm;tm;xkwfMunfhrS jzpfawmhrnf[k oabmaygufvmygawmhonf? odkY&mwGif pdwful;om ½SdcJhygao;onf? tvkyfcGifodkY ra&mufao;yg/

            rEkówåbma0g 'kv’abm-[laom ygVdt& ]]vlYtjzpfudk &cJonf}} [k &[ef; ½Sifvltrsm; a[mMu ajymMuygonf? odkY&mwGif vljzpfjcif;\ wefbdk;udkrl wu,fodol eJMuygonf? vlUb0udk &jcif;onf tdrfaxmifjcif;ç om;arG;jcif;ç vlYpnf;pdrfudk cHpm;jcif;wdkYtwGufavmufom r[kwf? rsufarSmufb0 twGuf¤if;? wrvGefb0twGuf¤if;? vkdtyfaom yg&rDwdkYudk jznfhusifh&ef twGufvnf; jzpfygonf? ,ckb0ü vljzpfvmonfrSmvnf; twdwfb0 wckcku jznfhusifhqnf;yl;cJhaom yg&rD taxmuftyHhaMumifh jzpfav&m? edAÁmefa&mufa&;ESifh edAÁmefra&mufrD pyfMum;twGuf vdktyfaom yg&rDwdkYudkvnf; ,ck ypöu©b0wGif jznfhusifhMubdkY vkdygao;onf/

            txl;tm;jzifh ,ckvdk Ak'¨omoemESifh êuHêudufonfh tcdkuf0,f? Ak'¨w&m;awmft& rdrd\ pdwfudk &ifhusufatmif xdef;odrf;onfh enf;udk½SmazGjcif;? ukd,fwdkifvufawGY usifhoHk;jcif;? tem*wf b0rsm;pGmwdkY twGufaumif;aom taxmuftyHh&atmif qnf;yl;jcif;? usifhoHk;jcif; tvkyfwdkYudk vkyfMubdkY rsm;pGmvdktyfygonf?

            odkY&mwGif þodkYûyvkyf qnf;yl;MuolwdkYum; ½Sm;yg;vSygonf? om;ESifh o®D;ESifhç aqGESifhrsdK;ESifhç &mxl;*kPfod&f pnf;pdrf OpömESifh ,pfrl;um ]]i&Jyef;udk a½Tyef;tvm;}} txifrSm;í pGJ,louJhokdY? 'ku©wckNyD; wck cHpm;ae&onfudkyif okcwrsdK;[k txifrSm;NyD;? idkvdkufç &,fvdkufjzifh vlYb0udk oHk;ûzef;ypfaeMu ygonf/

            tcsdKYrSm 0efBuD;? olaX;BuD;? q&m0efBuD;? pufydkifBuD;? t&m½SdBuD; ponftaetm;jzifh 0ifh<um;um ae&onfudkyif r[mokcBuD;[k ,lqMuygonf? ¤if;wdkY\ ZeD;rsm;uvnf; 0efBuD;uawmfBuD;? olaX;uawmfBuD;? q&m0efuawmfBuD;? t&m½SduawmfBuD; ponf taetm;jzifh 0ifh<um;um vnfwefwarmharmhjzifh ]]raoaq;udk pm;xm;olwdkYtvm;}} Zmwdrmef? "ermef? *kPfrmef? ynmrmefwdkY wufaewwfMuavonf/

w&m;vdkufpm;jcif;

            vl[lonf azmufjyef ysufpD;jcif;r½Sdaom t&m0w¬KwdkYpka0;í xkvkyfxm;onfh t&mr[kwf? azmufjyefysufpD;wwfaom oabmw&m;wkdY\ tpkta0;jzpfay&m waeYaomf azmufjyefysufpD;jcif;odkY a&mufMu&ayrnf/

            vHk;0 ysufûyef;onftxd azmufjyef ysufpD;jcif;odkY ra&mufrD twGif;üyif om;udpöç o®D;udpöç r,m;udpöç aqGrsKd;udpöç pm;0wfaea&;udpöç azmfrjyEdkifaom udk,fwGif;a&;udpöwkdYaMumifh pdwfaomuAsmyg'wkdY rMumrMum a&muf&aomaMumifh tdyfraysmfjcif;ç ESvHk;wkefjcif;ç aoG;wdk;jcif;ç ESvHk;aoG;aMumydwfjcif; paom a&m*gwkdY pGJuyfvmwwfayonf/

            tcsKdYaom vl*kPfwef vl&nfwwfwkdYurl ¤if;wkdYü jzpfvmaom a&m*ga0'emwkdYudk ¤if;wkdY\ ypönf;Opöm &wema½TaiGjzifh zv,fí ukovQif &vdrfhtHh[k ,lqMuonf? wcsKdYaom tmPm&yk*¾dKvfrsm;url ¤if;wkdY\ tmPmjzifh zv,fí ukovQif &vdrfhtHh[k ,HkMunfMuavonf/ uRefawmfvnf; wcsdefu þodkYyif ,HkMunfcJhygonf/

            a&aMumifhjzpfaom tnpftaMu;udk a&jzifhyif aq;aMum okwfoifygrSom pifMu,fouJhodkY? pdwfaMumifh jzpfay:vmaom a&m*ga0'emudkvnf; pdwfjzifhyif jyefvnfukoygrSom aysmufuif;bG,f&m ½Sdygonf/

            þpdwfa0'em pGJuyfvmvQif udk,fhpdwfudk xdef;odrf;EdkifpGrf; r½Sdygu &yfvkdYvJ rwnfNidrf? oGm;vkdYvJ [efr&? xdkifvkdYvJ raumif;vS? tdyfvkdYvJ raysmfonfh a&m*ga0'em pGJuyfvmygawmhhonf? av;yg;aom £&d,mykxf ysufjym;jcif;rSm tqdk;0g;qHk; jzpfygonf/

            ,ckacwfü xif½Sm;ausmfapmaom vl*kPfwef vl&nfwwf tydkif;wGif? pdwfudkxdef;odrf;EdkifrI tusifhw&m; r½SdMuaom olwkdYrSm txufazmfjyyg a&m*ga0'emrsm; pGJuyfvmonfhtcg pdwfwnfNidrfrI &½Sd&eftwGif b0ifNidrfaq;vHk; (OD;aESmufNidrfaq;vHk;)ac: (Tranquiliser) aq;wkdYudk aqmifxm;avh ½SdMuygonf/

            urÇmt&yf&yf½Sd tcsKdYaom ynmwwfavmü¤if;? vl*kPfwef vl&nfwwfavmuü¤if;? þ (Tranquiliser) aq;udk aqmifxm;jcif;onfyifvQif zuf½SifwrsKd; jzpfaeavonf/

            ¤if;aq;vHk;onf pm;oHk;aomtcdkufü OD;aESmufudk w'*Ftm;jzifh ESpfodrfhrI&apí pdwfonf wnfNidrfvmwwfygonf/

            tdyfraysmfolrsm;onf ¤if;aq;udk tñTef;twdkif; oHk;pGJMuav&m? tdyfpufcGifh tawmftwef &Muayonf? tdyf&mrS Ekd;aomtcgürl OD;aESmuf½Sif;vif;NyD; pdwfMunfvif vmwwfygonf? odkY&mwGif ]]aejrifhav t½l;&ifhav}} qdkouJhodkY wjznf;jznf; aejrifhí vkyfief;cGifodkY0ifaomtcg? OD;aESmufonf 'Hk;&if;twdkif; jyefvnfaemufusKvmaomaMumifh pdwfonfvnf; rMunfrvif jzpfvmjyefygawmhonf? xkdtcg olwyg;tm; rvkdkrkef;xm;vdkpdwf? raumif;BuHvdkpdwf? olwyg; ajymonfudk [kwfonf rSefonf[k r,HkMunfvdkpdwfwdkY xyfwvJvJ? jzpfvmygawmhonf/

            uRefawmfudk,fwdkifvnf; wcgu þaq;udkaqmifxm;&ol jzpfcJhbl;ygonf? odkY&mwGif uRefawmfrSm tnTef;twdkif; oHk;aqmifaomfvnf; wnvHk; tdyfpufcGifhr&aomaMumifh? tñTef;xufydkí oHk;aqmifygrSom wnvQif 2-em&D 3-em&DcefYrQ tdyfcGifh&cJhygonf/

            1324-ckESpf wefaqmifrkef;v\ wnoü tdyfraysmfí udpötrsdK;rsdK;? taMumif;trsdK;rsdK;? vltrsdK;rsdK;? yk*¾dKvftrsdK;rsdK;wdkYudk awG;&if;awm&if;u uHaumif;axmufrcsdefa&mufvmaom uRefawmfonf r[mpnfq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ 0dyóemw&m;taMumif;udkvnf; awG;rdygonf/

            ]]tif; (Tranquiliser) aq;awGudk aomufvmcJhwmvJ MumvSNyD? (Tranquiliser) aq;&JU wefcdkuawmh tcdkuftwefYbJ wefcdk;jywmbJ? r[mpnfq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ 0dyóem tvkyfay; w&m;awmft& igh&JU aemufusdaewJh OD;aESmufudk ½Sif;vif;oGm;atmif tm;xkwfMunfhOD;rSbJ}} [k xl;xl;jcm;jcm; tBuHaumif; ay:vmonfESifh wûydifeuf? uRefawmfonf tdyf&may:üyif yufvufvSefí tdyf&if; 0rf;ydkufudk pl;pdkufum 0rf;ydkufazmif;vmcdkuf (azmif;w,f)? 0rf;ydkuf ydefvmcdkuf (ydefw,f) [k vufawGY½IrSwfygonf? tcsdefrnfrQ MumoGm;rnfrodyg? ½IrSwfaeaom pdwfonf aysmufuG,fí tdyfaysmfoGm;ygawmhonf/

            eHeufvif;í tdyf&mrS Edk;aomtcg vGefpGmtHhMoí 0rf;ajrmufrdygonf? ]]ig\tbdkY taumif;qHk;aompdwfudk xdef;odrf;EdkifrS enf;aumif;udk&NyD;}} [k 0rf;omrqHk; jzpfrdygonf? bk&m;½Sif\ *kPfawmfudk¤if;? w&m;awmf\ *kPfawmfudk¤if; tzefzefyGg;rdonfhtjyif? r[mpnf q&mawmfbk&m;\ aus;Zl;*kPfwdkYudkvnf; OD;nGwfrdygonf? uRefawmf\pdwfonfvnf; txl;ojzifh Munfvifaeygonf? &yfaumif;? oGm;aumif;? xdkifaumif;? tvkyf-vkyfvdkYvJaumif; jzpfaeygawmhonf/

            ]]bk&m;½Sif\ w&m;awmft&omonf t&omwumwdkYxuf tjrwfqHk; jzpf\}}[k &[ef;½Sifvltaygif;wdkY ajymMua[mMuygonf? uRefawmfurl ]]w&m;udk½IrSwfaom ol\ pdwfonf (Tranquiliser) aq;udk oHk;aqmifolrsm;pGmwdkY\ pdwfxuf wnfNidrfonf}} [k ,HkMunfygonf/

            xdkYaMumifh Ak'¨½Sifawmfjrwf\ w&m;awmfonf pdwfwnfNidrfrItwGuf? taumif;qHk;aom (Tranquiliser) aq;BuD;jzpfaMumif;udk uRefawmf&J0HhpGm 0efcHygonf/

            uRefawmfonf omoemh&dyfomü apwemh0efxrf; aq;0g;ukocJhonfh 1952-ckESpfrS pí w&m;t&omudkodonfh aeYwdkifatmif jyefvnfa&wGufvQif (11)ESpfcefY umvMumanmif;cJhygNyD? ¤if; (11)ESpftwGif;0,f r[mpnfq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;tm; b0jyóemudk ar;jref;avQmufxm;pOfu q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;ESifh &if;ESD;pGm "r®o0er*Fvmudk cH,lcJh&onfrSty w&m;t&omudk bm0emr,ÓPf jzifh odonftxd udk,fwdkiftm;rxkwfcJhrdaomaMumifh jyefvnfí awG;rdwdkif; ,lêuH;r& jzpfrdygonf? xdk (11)ESpf umvtwGif;ü w&m;t&omudk bm0emr,ÓPfjzifh odatmif tm;rxkwfcJhjcif;rSm uRefawmf\ cRwf,Gif;aom udpöw&yf jzpfygonf/

            þuJhokdY w&m;t&omudk odonfhaeYrSpí uRefawmfonf npOftdyf&m0ifwdkif; azmif;onfç ydefonfudk r½IrSwfbJ tdyfavhhr½Sdawmhyg? azmif;ç ydef ½IrSwf&jcif;onfyifvQif uRefawmhtbdkY taumif;qHk;aom (Tranquiliser) jzpfygawmhonf/

            w&m;oabmudk uRefawmf tus,frajymjywwfyg/ r[mpnfq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;onf omoemh&dyfomodkY w&mtm;xkwf&ef vma&mufMuukefaom &[ef;½Sifvlwdkif;tm; w&m;ay;onfhtcg a[mMum;awmfrlavh½Sdonfudk toHzrf;,lí pmtkyftjzpf yHkESdyfxm;aom ]]0dyóem tvkyfay; w&m;awmfBuD;}} pmtkyfü ygonfhtwdkif; ½IrSwfjcif; jzpfygonf/

            uRefawmfonf 1963-ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv (1)&ufaeYrS pí aeYpOfeHeufwdkif; eHeuf 5-em&DrS 6-em&Dtxd? 1-em&DcefYtcsdef,lí 0dyóemw&m;udk rSefrSeftm;xkwfvmcJhygonf? uRefawmf\ pdwfrsm;onf odrfarGYEl;nHhvmí todÓPfrsm;vnf; wdk;wufvmygonf? aMumufonfç vefYonfqdkaom t&mwdkYvnf; wpwp yg;vmívm;rod? tpGrf;owådwkdYvnf; xufjrufvmygonf? tyg,fwHcg;udkvnf; jyefvnfí ryGifhapvdkawmhyg? þb0rSpí vHk;0ydwfoGm;bkdY&mom pl;pdkufrdygonf? xdkif;rIdif;awGa0aom pdwfwkdYvnf; enf;yg;vmaomaMumifh uRefawmf\pdwfrSm ayghyg;vmygawmhonf? r*fÓPfudk r&onfwdkifatmif rsufarSmufwGifyif 'd|"r®tusKd;wkdYudk cHpm;oifhoavmuf cHpm;ae&ygNyD/

t&d,0gow&m;awmfudk emMum;&jcif;

            r*fÓPfudk &oGm;aom t&d,myk*¾dKvftawmfrsm;rsm; ½Sdonf[k uRefawmfMum;bl;ygonf? ¤if;t&d,myk*¾dKvfwdkY\ pdwfaeoabmxm; ÓPf&nfÓPfoGm; tusifhw&m;udk uRefawmfawGY&ef rpGrf;Edkifaomvnf; t&d,myk*¾dKvfwkdY\aejcif; t&d,m0go t*Fg(10)yg;udkrl tEkrmeÓPfjzifh axmufqí ynmrsufpdjzifh EIdif;,SOfMunfh½IygvQif ]]þolonf t&d,m? þolonf t&d,m r[kwf}}[k rkcsodjrifEdkifonf[k anmif&rf; 0dedpä, aygif;csKyfusrf; yXrtkyf pmrsufESm (627)ü azmfjyxm;onfudk zwf½IrSwfom;&ygonf/ odkY&mwGif uRefawmftaetm;jzifh jynfhpHkvHkavmufpGm em;rvnfcJhyg? rnfodkY em;vnfatmif ûyvkyf&ygtHhenf;[k awmifhwarQmfvifhrdygonf/

            uRefawmftzdkY tarSmifudkcGifhrnfh aea&mifç va&mifwdkYonf wckNyD; wck xGufay:vm ouJhodkY uRefawmf odvdkonfh w&m;wdkYudk wrf;wírQ rMumjrifhrD odbdkY&m taMumif; qHkvm êuHvmwwfonfu rsm;ygonf/

            waeYaom aomMumaeY\ naecsrf;0,f omoemh&dyfomodkY a,m*Drsm;tm; aq;0g;uko ay;&eftoGm;? uRefawmfwdkYESifh &if;ESD;vSaom "r®rdwfaqGBuD; a,m*D a':at;Munfu q&mMum;embdkY iSg;vmygw,f? at;at;aq;aq;zGifhNyD Mum;emyg[k ajym&if; wdwfacGrsm;udk ay;vmygonf/

            ¤if;wdwfacGrsm;um; aus;Zl;½Sif r[mpnfq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;onf oHvsifûrdYü (2) nwdkifwdkif a[mMum;awmfrlcJhaom t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD;udk w&m;olBuD; OD;odef;[Hu toHzrf;,lvmcJhaom wdwfacGrsm;jzpfaMumif; od&ygonf? uRefawmhtzdkY twdkif;xuftvGef 0rf;omvSygonf/

            xdkaeYnwGif;csif;yif &dyfomrStjyef vrf; 50-½SduRefawmf\rdwfaqGBuD; OD;xGef;wiftdrfodkY oGm;a&mufum ¤if;wdkYtdrfom;rsm;ESifhtwl zGifhí Mum;emMu&ygonf? uRefawmfonf wBudrfwcgrQ r&bl; rjrifbl;aom &wemxkyfudk &ouJhodkY twdkif;xuftvGef 0rf;omrqHk; jzpfygonf? OD;xGef;wifwdkY tdrfom;rsm;vnf; t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD;udk 2-em&DcefYrQ NidrfoufpGmjzifh w½dkwao emMum;Muonfudk awGY&ygonf/

            uRefawmfrSm þt&d,m0gow&m;awmfudk emMum;vdkY r0Edkifyg? þw&m;awmfBuD;udk odem;vnf&ygrl aumif;avpG[k pdwfü jzpfay:vmygonf? okdYaomfvnf; ynmoifMum;csdefu ygarmu©u jzpfap? uxduujzpfap ta&;BuD;aom ynm&yfwdkYudk 1-em&DcefYrQ oifMum;ydkYcsNyD;aemuf twef;tjyifodkY jyefxGufvmMuaomtcg tyHk 100-yHkvQif 25-rQom rSwfrdMuonfu rsm;ygonf? tyHk 100-yHkvQif 50-rQ rSwfrdolum; tvGef½Sm;yg;ygonf? tvGefrSwfÓPfaumif;olwdkYonfomvQif tyHk 100-\ xuf0ufcefY rSwfrdMuygonf? ¤if;t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD;udk 2-em&DcefYrQ emMum;&aom uRefawmfrSmum; w&m;emqJüom 0rf;yef;womjzpfNyD;vQif emí aumif;aomfvnf; w&m;yGJ NyD;aomtcg tyHk 100-\ 25-yHkcefYavmufom jyefvnfrSwfrdygawmhonf/

pmtkyftjzpfyHkESdyf&ef

            uRefawmhtzdkYrSmum; þt&d,m0go w&m;awmfBuD;udk xyfwvJvJ Mum;emcsifygonf? trsm;aom "r®rdwfaqGwdkYudkvnf; emMum;apcsifygonf? okdY&mwGif þw&m;wdwfacGrsm;rSm uRefawmfydkif r[kwfyg? tu,fíom w&m;toHrS pmtjzpfodkY ul;,lum yHkESdyfjzefYcsD&vQif rdrdtwGufa&m trsm;aom "r® rdwfaqGwdkYtwGufyg vGefpGmaus;Zl;rsm;vdrfhtHh[k tMuHjzpfay:vmygonf? "r®'geukodkvfudkvnf; ,lvdkygonf? þodkY tMuHjzpfonfhtavsmuf aemufwaeYwGif aus;Zl;½Sif r[mpnfq&mawmfbk&m;xHokdY oGm;a&mufzl;ajrmfí? t&d,m0go w&m;awmfBuD;udk pmtkyftjzpf yHkESdyfcGifhûyyg&ef ½dkaopGm cGifhyefavQmufxm;cJhygonf/

            q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;xHrS cGifhûycsuf&cJhNyD;aemuf? ¤if;wdwfacGay:ü½Sdaom toHw&m;udk pmw&m; jzpfvmatmif ul;,la&;twGuf? trsdK;om;pDrHudef;XmerS vufa&;wdk pma&;jzpfol uRefawmfESifh cifrif&if;ESD;aom wlrav; rEkEktm; tultnDawmif;&jyefygonf/

            rEkEkonf i,f½G,foljzpfaomfvnf; &wemoHk;yg; q&morm;wdkYudk ½dkaoav;pm;wwfol wOD;jzpfonfhtavsmuf? uRefawmfawmif;cHonfh tultnDudk 0rf;ajrmufpGm ulnDrnf jzpfygaMumif; uwdûyNyD;vQif? jzLpifaom apwemjzifh toHrSpmjzpfvmatmif (5)&uftwGif; tNyD;ul;,lay;cJhygonf/

            pmrludk q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;xHodkY jyefvnfqufuyf&m? q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;onf wvcefY tcsdef,lí wnf;jzwfjyifqif ay;oem;awmfrlcJhygonf? pmtkyftjzpfyHkESdyf&eftwGuf uRefawmftm; pmayudpöESifh ywfowfí tultnDay;avh½Sdaom Ak'¨"r®avmu w&m;pmapmift,f'Dwm r*Fvm OD;atmifjrifhtm; tultnD awmif;cH&jyefygonf/

            r*FvmOD;atmifjrifhu þpmrlü ed'gef;vdkygao;onf? þpmtkyfjzpfay:vmjcif;rSm q&m\ êud;pm;rIaMumifhjzpf&m ed'gef;udkvnf; q&monfyifvQif a&;oifhygonf[k wdkufwGef;jyefaomaMumifh? þed'gef;udkvnf; wlrav; rEkEk\ tultnDjzifhyif a&;om;cJhygonf/

            þ t&d,m0go w&m;awmfBuD; pmtkyfudk r*Fvm OD;atmifjrifh\ tultnDjzifh £pämo, yHkESdyfwdkufü yHkESdyfcJhygonf? pmtkyfjzpfay:vmjcif;\ taMumif;ed'gef;um; þrQjzifh jynfhpHkvHkavmuf ygNyD? okdY&mwGif "r®rdwfaqGwdkYodkY tcGifhomcdkufrSm wdkufwGef;pum; a&;om;vdkygao;onf/

            "r®rdwfaqGtaygif;wdkY? uRefawmfwdkY wawG[m oHo&mrSm usifvnfaeMuwJh olawG jzpfavawmh rtdkcsifbJESifhvnf; tdkMu&onf? remcsifbJESifhvnf; emMu&onf? raocsifbJESifhvnf; aoMu&onf? aoNyD;jyefawmhvnf; wzef b0opfü rjzpfcsifayrJh jzpfMu&OD;rnf? jzpfjyefawmhvnf; udk,fjzpfcsif&m b0ücsnf; jzpf&onfr[kwf? ouúm,'d|duif;ao;aom yk*¾dKvfrSmqdkvQif i&Jüvnf; jzpfEdkifonf? wd&pämefüvnf; jzpfEdkifonf? Nydwåmüvnf; jzpfEdkifonf? tok&um,f qdkonfh tyg,fb0üvnf; jzpfEdkifonf? rjzpfygapESifh[k awmifhwvdkYvnf; &onfr[kwf? ûyvkyfcJhaom uHtm;avsmfpGm oljzpfcsif&mrSm jzpfoGm;wwfygonf/

            xdkYaMumifh oHo&mqdkwm aoaocsmcsmodvQif tvGefaMumufp&m aumif;ygonf? oHo&mab;BuD;rS vGwfajrmuf&ef edAÁmefa&mufaMumif;jzpfonfh 0dyóemw&m;udk tm;xkwfMubdkY txl; wdkufwGef;vdkygonf/

            oHo&mwckvHk;u rvGwfajrmufao;awmifrS tyg,foHo&mrS vGwfajrmufatmif w&m;tm;xkwfMubdkY vkdygonf? tyg,foHo&mab;BuD;odkY usapEdkifonfh ouúm,'d|dpGJBuD;udk t<uif;rJhy,fEdkifatmif tm;xkwfrSvnf; tyg,foHo&mu vGwfygrnf/

            ]]ouúm,'d|dudk t<uif;rJh y,fEdkifwJh t&d,mr*fzdkvfw&m;awG avmukwå&m oDv orm"d ynmawGeJY jynfhpHkatmif tm;xkwf&r,f}} vdkY aus;Zl;½Sif r[mpnfq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ 0dyóemtvkyfay;w&m;awmfBuD; pmtkyfü qdkxm;ygonf/

            «b,fvdktm;xkwf&rnfudk odvdkonfh pdwfjzpfay:vmí ur®|mef;q&mawmfrsm;jzpfaom OD;y@dwESifh OD;Z0ewdkYxHü ½dkaopGm csOf;uyfNyD; tvkyfay;w&m;awmfBuD;udk ay;oem;awmfrl&ef avQmufxm;ygonf/ ur®|mef;q&mawmf t½Sifjrwfrsm;uvnf; q&mawmfBuD; jyoawmfrlaom enf;twdkif; jyoawmfrlygonf/»

            uRefawmfonf 1962-ck? ZEé0g&Dv(1)&ufaeYrSpNyD; aeYpOfeHeufwdkif; 5-em&DrS 6-em&Dtcsdefwdkifatmif 1-em&D MumrQ 0dyóemw&m; tm;xkwfMunfhcJhygonf/

            cE¨mudk,fay:wGif jzpfay:orQwdkYudk ½IrSwfMunfhaomtcg 0rf;ydkufonf ,ciftwdkif;yif azmif;vdkuf ydefvdkufESifh jzpfaeonfudk odae&ygonf/ xdkuJhodkY odaeonfhMum;xJu uRefawmf\ vlrrmrsm;udk rsufaphxJwGif jrifvmygonf/

            wzefvlrrmrsm;\ rsufESmawG aysmufuG,fNyD; cifrif&if;ESD;aom rdwfaqGtcsif;csif; &,fp&m armp&majymcJhonfh taMumif;rsm;udk jyefvnf awG;rdygonf/ awG;rd&mrS wzef ajcaxmufü emusifjcif;ESifh em;0ü tcH&cufavmufatmif ,m;,Hjcif; aysmufoGm;NyD;aemuf aygifusifvmjyefonfudk owdûyrdygonf/ aygifuusifaeonfhae&modkY pdwfa&mufoGm;&mrS wcsdefu wOD;wa,mufESifh pum;ajymrwJhí pdwfqdk;cJh&aom taMumif;rsm;jyefNyD; ay:vmonfudk owd&vmygonf/ uRefawmfonf ½IrSwforQwdkYudk q&mawmft½Sifjrwftm; avQmufxm;Munfh&m? q&mawmft½SifjrwfwdkYu ]]wumBuD; w&m;xdkif&if; ay:vmorQ aumif;qdk;cHpm;rIawG odrIawG t&ifu êuHawGUcJh&wJh taMumif;rsdK;pHkawGudk cyfMumMum pdkufNyD;awmhom ½IrSwfMunhfyg/ wu,fvdkY wumBuD; BuHqxm;wmawGxJu w&m;xdkifwJhtcsdefrSm ay:vmvdkY½SdvQifvJ wjcm;udk pdwfra&mufapbJ 'DawG;awm BuHqrIawG tay:rSmom tm½HkpdkufNyD; ½IrSwfyg/ bmudkbJawG;awG; emwm? usifwm? anmif;wm? udkufwm? xHkwmawGudk b,fvdkbJ cHpm;ae&ae& pdwfrysufeJY}} [k rdefYawmfrlygonf/

qDG'iftrsdK;orD;oDv½Sif

            uRefawmfonf waeYvQifwBudrf? wBudrfvQif wem&DrQom w&m;xdkifvmcJh&mrS wvausmfrQ MumvmcJhaomfvnf; w&m;awmf\t&omudk b,fvdkcHpm;&rSef;rodí pdwfysufovdkjzpfvmygonf? pdwfysufonfhMum;xJJu wzefjyefí awG;rdjyefaomtcg omoemh &dyfomodkYvma&muf w&m;tm;xkwf Muaom olawmfpiftaygif;wdkYonf w&m;awmf\ t&omudkodNyD; ÓPfpOfemoGm;Muonf/ omoemh&dyfomrS rdkifaygif;rsm;pGm a0;uGmvSaom Oa&mywdkuf taemufurf;ajc? qGD'ifjynfrS qGD'ifvlrsdK; oDv½SifrBuD; a':trdwåmuyif ÓPfpOfemNyD;aomtcgü "Meditation is a very Marvellous Process" (t"dyÜg,frSm w&m;tm;xkwf&wm odyfxl;qef;'gbJ) [k uRefawmhtm; omoemh&dyfom aq;cef;xJwGif xkwfazmfajymoGm;cJhbl;onf/

            rsm;pGmaom oltaygif;wdkYonf w&m;awmf\ t&omudk wu,frcHpm;&bJESifh cHpm;&onf[k ajymMurnfh yk*¾dKvfrsm; r[kwf/ 8-yg;oDvudk apmifhxdef;xm;Muaom olrsm;jzpfonf/ t&omtppftrSefudk awGUíom ajymjyoGm;wef&monf/ q&mawmfrsm;uvnf; w&m;xdkif&if; ay:vmorQudkom ½IrSwfoGm;yg/ ½IrSwfoGm;&if;u w&m;\ wu,fht&momudk awGY&vdrfhrnf[k wdkufwGef;Muonf/ igvnf; ZGJoefoefjzifh w&m;udk tm;xkwfMunfhOD;rnf[k pdwfudkwif;um jyefNyD;w&m;udk ½IrSwfjyef&m taumif;tqdk;cHpm;rIrsm;ESifh êuHawGUrIrsm; ay:vmonfh tcgwdkif; ½IrSwfvmcJh&if;u uRefawmf\ pdwfonf xdktm½Hkrsm;ay:üom usa&mufaeygonf/

            xdkuJhodkY ½IrSwfavhvmMunfh&mrS ay:vmorQ? xdawGYrIrsm;? aumif;qdk; cHpm;rIrsm;onf rnfodkY jzpfoGm;onfudk od½Sdvmygonf/ emusifjcif;rsm;? anmif;nmjcif;? udkufcJjcif; paom cHpm;rIrsm;onf ay:NyD;aysmufuG,foGm;onfudk od½Sd&ygonf/

w&m;t&om

            1962-ck? ZEé0g&Dv 1-&ufaeYrSpNyD; w&m;xdkifvmcJh&mrS 1962-ck? 'DZifbmvxJodkY a&mufvmaomtcg eHeufcif;wcsdefwGif uRefawmfonf razmfjyEdkifaom w&m;t&omuav;udk cHpm;vdkuf&ygonf/

            xdkt&omuav;rSm uRefawmf\ woufwmwGif cHpm;cJh&aom rnfonfht&omESifhrQ rwlaMumif;udk od½SdoGm;ygonf/ xdkt&omuav;udk cHpm;&NyD;aemuf 1963-ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv 25-&ufaeYnae 4;30-em&DtcsdefwGif uRefawmfonf ÓPfpOfw&m;udk ½dkaopGmemMum;cGifh &oGm;ygonf/

            ÓPfpOfw&m; emNyD;jcif;onf w&m;tm;xkwfonfhtvkyf NyD;qHk;oGm;ao;onf r[kwfao;yg/ qufvufNyD; tm;xkwf&ef½Sdygao;aMumif;udk od½Sdygonf/ odkYygaomfvnf vlYavmutv,fü yvdaAm"rsdK;pHkawGudk aeYpOfESifhtrQ &ifqdkifae&aom uRefawmhtzdkY w&m;tm;xkwfjcif;ESifh uif;uGm&rnfh taMumif;onf ay:aygufvmcJhygonf/

            avmukwå&me,fy,fü arGUavsmfaecJhaom uRefawmfonf rvGJra½SmifEdkifaomtaMumif; aMumifh avmuDe,ftwGif;odkY jyef0ifvdkuf&jyefygonf/ p&P ukokdvfûy&eftwGuf urÇmat; oHCaq;½HkBuD;ü wm0efxrf;aqmif&ef taMumif; ay:vmcJhygonf/

0rf;ydkufem

            oHCaq;½HkBuD;wGif wm0efrsm;udk xrf;aqmif&if;u uRefawmfonf 1966-ck? Mo*kwfv 11-&ufaeYn 10-em&DtcsdefwGif aetdrfodkY jyefa&mufNyD; tdyf&m0ifaomtcg woufwGif wBudrfwcgrQ rcHpm;&bl;cJh aom 0rf;ydkufemudk cHpm;vdkuf&ygonf/ 0rf;ydkuftwGif;ütlrsm;udk wtm;vufjzifh qGJqkyfxm;ovdk tcH& cufvSaom emusifrIBuD;onf uRefawmhtm; pwifESdyfpufvmygawmhonf/

            uRefawmf\0rf;ydkufwGif;u atmifhovdkvdk emovdkvdkvnf; xif&ygonf/ tcH&cufaom a0'emaMumifh yufvufvnf; tdyfvdkYr&? arSmufvsufvnf; tdyfvdkYrjzpf? apmif;aejyefvQifvJ w'ku© jzpfaeygonf/ 0rf;oGm;ypfvdkufvQifa&m*g oufomoGm;vdrfhrnf[k xifrdonfhtavsmuf 0rf;EIwfaq; u&if;atmh(zf) ruf*eDqD,m (Cream of Magnesia) udk,lí aomufvdkufygonf/ roufomvSyg? roufomonfhtwGuf ZeD;jzpfoltm; 0rf;csLcdkif;jyefygonf/

            ZeD;jzpfolu 0rf;csLay;aomfvnf; oufomroGm;yg/ 0rf;oGm;vdkYr&í ig\ tlvrf;aMumif; ydwfaeNyD[k odoGm;ygonf/

            tlvrf;aMumif;ydwfNyD[k odonfESifhwûydifeuf ao&awmhrnfh ta&;udk awG;rdvmygonf/ awG;rdonfESifh wûydifeuf r[mpnfq&mawmfbk&m;BuD; a[mMum;awmfrlonfh Owåd,ax&f O'gef;usL;&ifhawmfrlaom atmufygax&*gxmuav;udk owd&rdvmygonf/

tmAma" arorkyÜaEé?
owd ar O'yZÆx/
tmAma"m ar orkyÜaEém?
umavm ar e yrZÆdwHk/

            (þ*gxmuav;\ t"dyÜg,fudk r[mpnf q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ EIwfcGef;qufw&m;awmf pmtkyfxJrSm awGU½SdEdkifygonf/)

½IrSwfjcif;om axmufwnf&m

            jyif;xefpGm cHpm;ae&aom 0rf;ydkufemusifrItwGuf nnf;ñlaejcif;jzifh tusdK;xl;rnf r[kwf? a'gojzpfNyD; ab;em;½Sdvlrsm;udk Budrf;armif;qJqdkaejyef,ifvJ a&m*gaysmufrnfr[kwf? tukodkvfom jzpfawmhrnf? ao&rnfh twlwl ,cifu ½IrSwfcJhaom w&m;awmfudkom axmufwnf&m tjzpf jyefvnf½IrSwfawmhrnf[k pdwfwGif ydkif;jzwfvdkufygonf/

            pdwfydkif;jzwfNyD;onfESifh wûydifeuf 1962-ckESpftwGif; w&m;tm;xkwfpOfu uRefawmf\ cE¨mudk,fwGif ay:vmaom a0'emqdk;rsm;tay:ü uRefawmf\todpdwfuav;udk wxyfwnf;usaeatmif wifxm;NyD; pl;pdkufMunfhygawmhonf/

            w&m;tm;xkwfpOfu êuHawGY&aom a0'emonf cE¨mü½Sdvsufom aeonfudk txift½Sm; odcJh&onf/ w&m;omxdkifrMunfhcJhvQif a0'emrsm;½Sdaeonfudk od&efcJ,Of;vdrfhrnf xifygonf/

            rnfuJhodkYaom a0'emrsdK;udk cHpm;ae&onf jzpfap? tcH&cufaeonfh cE¨mtpdwftydkif; ay:üom uRefawmf\pdwfudk wifxm;NyD; ½IrSwfMunfhcJh&mwGif atmufygtwkdif; awGY&ygonf/

            0rf;ydkuftwGif;½Sd tlawGrSm wif;MuyfpGm ñSpfxm;bdouJhodkY xif&ygonf/ ydwfqdkYaeonfh tpmtdrfESifhtlrsm; wdkYrSm azmif;um;aeNyD; tpma[mif;rsm;ESifh jynfhESufvsuf½Sdonfudkyg owdûyrdygonf/ tpmtdrfESifhtlrsm; azmif;wufaeonfhtwGuf uRefawmf\ 0rf;ydkufwjyifvHk;rSm *syfjym;uJhodkY wif;rmvsuf ½Sdaeonfudk owdûyrdygonf/ 0rf;ydkuftv,fudk ½IrSwfae&if;u uRefawmfonf b,fbufodkY apmif;csifvmygonf/

            apmif;csifonfhpdwf ay:vmí b,fbufodkY apmif;ypfvdkufaomtcg 0rf;ydkuftv,fü ay:aeaom a0'emonf aysmufuG,foGm;ygonf/ wzef b,fbufab;wae&mwGif emusifaom a0'emonf ay:vmjyefygonf/ oufomovdkxifí nmbufodkY apmif;csifonfh pdwf ay:vmjyefaom tcg ½IrSwfNyD; vSnfhvdkufygonf/ b,fbufydkufwjcrf;rS a0'emaysmufNyD; nmbufydkufwae&mwGif emusifaoma0'em ay:vmonfudk owdûyrdjyefygonf? þokdYESifh uRefawmf½IrSwfaeaom pdwftpOfonf wydkufvHk;ü emvdkuf aysmufvdkufjzpfaeaom ae&mtESHYtjym;ay:üom usaeygawmhonf/

            uRefawmf\pdwfonf a0'em\tEdkifudk rcH? t½IH;vnf; ray;bJ ½IrSwfNrJ ½IrSwfaeygonf? ZeD;jzpfolu wwfpGrf;orQûypkNyD; a&m*gESifhywfoufaom tusdK;taMumif; ar;jref;onfudkyif ½Snf½Snfa0;a0; rajzbJ twdkcsKyfom tajzay;NyD; a0'emudkom ½IrSwfvsufaeygonf? xdkntzdkY tvGefqdk;0g;NyD; wif;usyfemusifvSaom 0rf;ydkufemudk ½IrSwfvsufyif ukpm;í rdk;xdefxdef vif;oGm;cJhygonf/

            1966-ck? Mo*kwfv 12-&uf/ / rdk;vif;vmcJhaomfvnf; a0'emrSm aysmufuG,fíroGm;yg? tlvrf;aMumif;yGifhoGm;&ef ntcsdefu 0rf;EIwfaq;aomufNyD; 0rf;csLcHaomfvnf; 0rf;rSm vHk;0roGm;yg? 0rf;ydkufrSm wcsdefxufwcsdef ydkíwif;rmNyD; azmif;wufíom vmaeygonf/

            ZeD;jzpfolonf w,fvDzkef;rSaeNyD; &efukefaq;½HkBuD;rS cGJpdwf txl;uk q&m0efBuD;xHodkY taMumif;Mum;vdkufygonf/ ]]q&mhrdwfaqG nuwnf;upNyd; ydkufemwm tcktcsdeftxd roufombl;? 0rf;EIwfaq;wdkufNyD; qyfjym&nfESifh 0rf;csLay;wmvJ ESpfcg½SdNyD? ckcsdefxd 0rf;vHk;0roGm;bl;? tefvJ tefw,f? tefwmu ESpfBudrf½SdygNyD? wqdwfaus;Zl;ûyNyD; vma&mufMunhfyg}} qdkaom ZeD;jzpfolu aq;½HkrS q&m0efBuD;tm; w,fvDzkef;rSaeNyD; yefMum;aeonfh toHonf uRefawmf\em;wGif;odkY 0ifa&mufvmygonf? 0ifa&mufvm&mrS wzef aysmufuG,foGm;jyefygonf? rMumrD txl;ukq&m0ef\ toHonfvnf; uRefawmf\em;0ü ay:vmygonf? xdkYaemuf uRefawmf\ydkufrSm ol\vufjzifh prf;oyfjcif;udk cHvdkuf&ygonf? q&m0efonf uRefawmhudk ar;cGef;trsdK;rsdK;xkwfygonf? uRefawmfonf vdk&if;avmufudkom ajzMum;&if; pdwfudk a0'emay:üom wifxm;ygonf/

tlvrf;aMumif;ydwfa&m*g

            0rf;EIwfaq;wdkufíjzpfap? 0rf;csLíjzpfap 0rf;roGm;vQif (Intestinal Obstruction) tlvrf;aMumif; ydwfaewwfonfudk q&m0efwdkif; tuJcwfEdkifMuygonf/ odkYaomf ydkufudk cGJMunfhrSom ydwf&onfhtaMumif;rSefudk wyftyfaocsm odEdkifygonf? tlvrf;aMumif;udk ydwfapwwfonfh a&m*gaygif;pHkwdkY½Sdonfhteuf uifqma&m*gonf aMumufp&mtaumif;qHk;ESifh q&m0efrsm;ukvdkY raysmufaom a&m*gjzpfygonf? tlvrf;aMumif; ûAH;ueJydwfoGm;aomtcg vlrrmonf aobdkYESifh ½SifbdkYteuf aobdkYom rsm;aeonfudk txl;ukq&m0efBuD;vnf; odygonf/ uRefawmfvnf; odygonf/

            txl;uk q&m0efonf uRefawmfESifhwuG uRefawmf\ ZeD;tm; tm;ri,f&efESifh oludk,fwdkif tpGrf;ukefêud;pm;NyD; ukrnfhtaMumif; tm;ay;pum;ajymygonf? uRefawmfrSm aMumufpdwf r½Sdyg? pdwfudk 0rf;ydkufwjyifvHk;üom ay:aeaom a0'emrsm;ay:üom wifxm;ygonf/ rkcs ao&awmh rnf[k ,lqí rdrd\ cE¨mudk,fay:ü ay:NyD;&if; aysmufoGm;&if; jzpfaeaom a0'em tm½HkrSvGJNyD; rnfonfhtm½HkqDodkYrQ uRefawmf\ pdwfta&mufrcHyg/ rdrdydkif ypönf;udkvnf; owdr&? ZeD;ESifh om;orD;rsm;udkvnf; owdr&awmhyg? pGJvrf;p&mtm½HkrSeforQ wckwavrQ ray:vmawmhbJ wif;rm azmif;wuf emusifaeaom a0'emonfomvQif uRefawmf\pdwfü ay:vdkuf aysmufvdkuf jzpfaeonfudk odae&ygonf/ uRefawmfrSm rvIyf½Sm;EdkifawmhbJ tdyf&may:ü yufvuf vJaeygNyD/

bmrQtusdK;roufa&muf

            txl;ukq&m0efonf uRefawmf\0rf;ydkufudk aphpyfpGmMunfhNyD;rS ol\nmvufjzifh aocsmpGmprf;oyf&if; uRefawmf\ZeD;tm; aemufxyf tvSqD qyfjym&nfjzifh 0rf;csLay;&ef rSmMum;NyD; olYtdrfodkY jyefoGm;ygonf/ ntcsdefuuJhodkY 0rf;xyfcsLaomfvnf; bmrQ tusdK;roufa&mufyg? qyfjym&nfç tvSqDwdkYom jyefxGufvmygonf/ ½IrSwfvsufaeaompdwfonf a0'emESifh wxyfwnf;vdk usaecJh&mrS xkdaeYnydkif;odkY a&mufaomtcg txl;ukq&m0efonf oludk,fwdkif vma&mufNyD; uRefawmhtm;aq;½HkodkY ac:aqmifoGm;ygonf/ wcsdefxuf wcsdef uRefawmf\a&m*grSm ydkNyD; qdk;vmygonf/ ½IrSwfvdkYr&Edkifatmif jzpfvmcJhaomfvnf; ½IrSwfonfhpdwfwdkYudk tavQmhray;cJhyg/

            uRefawmf\ cE¨mudk,fonf yufvufwrsdK;wnf; raeEdkifawmhyg/ tdyf&may:wGif vdrfhaeygonf/ emusifaoma0'emrS oufomcGifh&&ef b,fbuf'l;udk auG;NyD; nmbufajcovHk;udk b,fbuf'l;ay:odkY wifum oufomvdk oufomjim; prf;Munfhygonf/

            ½IrSwfaeaompdwf? jyif;xefpGm ay:vGifaeaom a0'em? tvl;tvJjzpfaeaom cE¨mudk,fwdkYonf olomigEdkif wdkufyGJ0ifaeouJhodkY xif&ygonf/

            uRefawmf\ aetdrfrS aq;½HkBuD; ta&;ay:XmetwGif;cef;odkY a&mufonfhwdkifatmif jyif;xefvSaom a0'emwdkYonf ay:vdkuf? todpdwfuav;rsm;onfvnf; aysmufoGm;vdkuf? ywf0ef;usifrS qlnHaom toHwdkYonf em;xJ0ifvmvdkufESifh wvSnfhpD xdktm½Hkqdk;rsm;qDodkYom a&mufaeygawmhonf/ wcgw&Hü jyif;xefaom a0'emonf ay:vGifaeygonf/

            uRefawmfonf tcef;eHygwf(3)ESifh (4)wGif½Sd vGwfaeaom ckwifwae&may:ü a&mufoGm;yg onf/

            ckwifay:ü vJavsmif;NyD; cHpm;rIrsm;ESifh ay:&mtm½Hkrsm;wdkYudkom pdkufNyD; ½IrSwfvsufaepOf cGJpdwftxl;uk q&m0ef a&mufvmNyD; a&m*ga0'em\ ordkif;jzpfpOfudk xyfrHar;jrefygonf/ ar;jrefNyD; aemuf 0rf;ydkufudk "mwfrSef½dkuf&eftwGuf "mwfrSefXmeodkY tvsiftjref ac:oGm;&ef q&mrESifh olemûy vufaxmufrsm;tm; apcdkif;vkdufygonf/

            olemûyESifh vufaxmufrsm;onf "mwfrSefXmeodkYuRefawmhudk aqmifoGm;Muygonf/ pdk;&drfrI? aMumufvefYrI? idka<u;rI? a'goxGufrIrsm; vHk;0ay:rvmyg/ "mwfrSefXmeü uRefawmf\ ydkufudk "mwfrSef½dkufNyD;aom tcg uRefawmf\ tltv,fydkif;rSm ydwfqdkYaeonfudk awGYjrif&ygonf/ "mwfrSefyg&*luvnf; tltv,fydkif; ydwfvsufaeonf[kyif rSwfcsufa&;vkdufygonf/

cGJpdwfuko&ef

            olemûyESifh vufaxmufrsm;onf uRefawmhtm; tcef;eHygwf(3)ESifh (4) odkY jyefNyD; ac:aqmifoGm;ygonf/ uRefawmf\a&m*gtaMumif;udk od&ygonf/ txl;cGJpdwfukay;aom q&m0efü 0rf;ydkufudk cGJpdwfNyD; ydwfaeaom tltpdwftydkif;udk jzwfawmufNyD; jyefquf&ef? odkYr[kwf tltacGvdkuf &pfywfaevQifvnf; aeom;wusjzpfatmif jyefvnfûyjyif&ef? um;xGufaeaom tlatmufydkif;xJodkY êuHYaeaom tltv,fydkif;u wdk;0ifaecJhvQifvnf; jyefvnfqGJxkwfay;&ef? 0rf;ydkufudk cGJpdwfMunfhNyD; aemuf ydkuftwGif; ae&mtESHYtjym;ü tjrpfwG,fvsufaeaom uifqmtBudwfrsm;udk awGYjrifí vSD;jzwf y,f½Sm;ypf&ef? rjzpfEdkifvQifvnf; rnfodkYrQ rvkyfbJ 0rf;ydkufudk jyefvnfydwfypfay;&ef tcGifhta&; ½Sdaeygonf/ cGJpdwfukoay;onfhwdkifatmif uRefawmf\ toufraobJ a&m*gaysmufvdrfhrnf[k tmr rcHEdkifyg/ owdBuD;pGmjzifh pGefYpm;NyD; cGJpdwfukoaomtcg awGYjrif&rnfh 0rf;wGif;½Sd a&m*gtpdkiftcJ rsm;udk ol\ "m;vufeufjzifh vSD;jzwfNyD; toufudk u,fEdkifpGrf;½SdvQif êud;pm;NyD; u,fwifrnf? ru,fq,fEdkifvQifvnf; Oayu©m ½Ivdkuf½Hkom ½Sdayonf/

            yg&*lonf uRefawmhudk cGJpdwfuko&eftwGuf ZeD;jzpfol\ oabmwlnDcsufudk ,lygonf/ uRefawmf\ ZeD;u cGJpdwfukoNyD;rS jzpfap? tu,fí cGJpdwfuko&if; uRefawmfaoqHk;oGm;cJhvQif ta&;rqdkyg? cGJpdwf&ef cGifhûy oabmwlnDonfh taMumif;udk vufrSwf a&;xdk;vdkufygonf/

            cGJpdwftxl;ukq&m0efu uRefawmhudk cGJpdwfuko&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufygonf/ ZeD;jzpfol uvnf; oabmwlNyD;ygNyD/ uRefawmfonf tdyf&may:üyif rsufpdrSdwfvsufay:vmorQ tm½Hkwdkif;udkom ½IrSwfaepOf q&m0efuav;ESifh olemûyq&mruav;wdkYonf uRefawmhteD;odkY a&mufvmMuNyD; q&m0efuav;u uRefawmf\ ESmacgif;aygufuav;rSaeNyD; (Ryle's Tube) a&mfbmydkufvHk;uav;udk uRefawmf\ tpmtdrftwGif;odkY a&mufatmifxdk;oGif;vdkufygonf/ a&mfbm>yefuav;\ wzufpGef;onf uRefawmf\ vnfacsmif;odkY a&mufoGm;&m uRefawmhvnfacsmif; twGif;rSm wpfqdkYaeonfh cHpm;rIudk êuHawGY&ygonf/

            a&mfbmydkufvHk;uav;onf vnfacsmif;udk ausmfvGefNyD; tpma&rsdKvrf;aMumif; (Oesophagus) udk jzwfNyD; tpmtdrftwGif;odkY a&muf½SdoGm;aomtcg vnfacsmif;wGif;ü wpfqdkYaeí tcH&cufaeonfh t½Sdefonf avsmhusoGm;onfudk owdûyrdygonf? uRefawmf\pdwfonf emaeaom 0rf;ydkuftay:ü usonfhtcgvnf; usaeonf? vnfacsmif;wGif;ü cdk;vdk;ckvk jzpfaeonfudk vnf; owdûyrdygonf/

            xdktm½HkawG Mum;xJu uRefawmf\ vufarmif;rS aeNyD; (Dextrose with Saline) oMum;ESifh qm; a&mpyfxm;aom t&nfoGif;&eftwGuf q&m0efuav;onf vufarmif;v,frS aoG;jyefaMumxJodkY cRefxufaomtyfuav; xdk;oGif;vdkufí emusifaom a0'emuav;udkvnf; od&jyefygonf? tcef;wGif;½Sd ay:vmorQaom tm½Hkqdk;wdkYonf ay:vmNyD;wdkif; aysmufuG,fvsuf ½Sdaeonfudkom awGY&onfhMum;xJu wm0efcH txl;ukq&m0efonf n 10-em&DtcsdefwGif uRefawmf\tdyf&mem;odkY a&mufvmum ]]cGJoifhwJhtaMumif;awGuawmh ½SdwmbJ/ 'gayrJh uRefawmfwdkY (Conservative Treatment) rcGJbJeJY apmifhMunfhcsifao;w,f? ckaetcgrSm (Suction and Replacement) tpmtdrfwGif;rS tykyfa&awG pkwfxkwf&if; vufarmif;aoG;jyefaMumxJrS aeNyD; oMum;ESifh qm;a&awG oGif;ay;oGm;tHk;r,f}}/

            uRefawmfonf cGJpdwfukq&m0ef ajymqdkorQwdkYudk em;axmifvsufom aeygonf? uRefawmfu rnfodkYrQ jyefrajymyg? q&m0efyif jzpfaomfvnf; xdktcsdefu vlrrmjzpfaeojzifh cGJpdwfukoaom q&m0ef\ nTefMum;csufwdkYudk waoGrwdrf; vdkufem&ygonf/

ay:vdkuf aysmufvdkuf

            cGJpdwftxl;ukq&m0ef xGufcGgoGm;aomtcg wm0efcH q&m0efuav;onf uRefawmf\ tpmtdrftwGif;rS ykyfa[mifNyD; rpifeHYxGufaeaom pdrf;zefYzefY ta&rsm;wdkYudk pwifNyD; pkwfxkwf ypfygawmhonf/

            rpifeHYxGufaeaom a&rsm;wdkYudk zef>yefjzifh pkwfxkwfNyD;onfhtcgwdkif; uRefawmhtem;wGif ½Sdaom q&m0efuav;onf (Kidney Tray) ac: cGufaumufuav;xJodkY pGefYypfaeygonf? cGufaumuf uav;xJrS xGufay:vmaom rpifeHYonf uRefawmf\ ESmacgif;xJodkY a&mufvmygonf/

            emaeaom 0rf;ydkuf? cdk;vdk;ckvkjzpfaeaom vnfacsmif;? rpifeHYxGufaeaom cGufaumuf twGif;rS teHYqdk;rsm;? uRefawmf\ckwifab;em;rS wjcm; vlrrmrsm;atmfoH? nnf;ñloHrsm;wdkYudk uRefawmfonf wrsdK;NyD;wrsdK; awGYae&ygonf? cHpm;&orQ eHorQwdkYonf wvSnfhpDay:vsuf ae&mrS wvSnfhpD jyefNyD; aysmufvsufomaeygonf/

            n 11-em&DtcsdefwGif txl;uk q&m0ef\ nTefMum;csuft& q&m0efuav;onf uRefawmh wifyg;udk tdyfaq; xdk;ay;vdkufNyD;aemuf em&D0ufcefY Mumaomtcg w&m;pOfudk ½IrSwfae&if;u uRefawmfonf tdyfaysmfoGm;ygawmhonf/

            1966-ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 13-&uf/ / paeaeY eHeuf 10-em&DcGJtcsdefwGif uRefawmhtm; ûypkaeaom txl;ûy olemûyq&mr ra|;arudk awGYjrif&ygonf/

            uRefawmfonf owdxm;NyD; 0rf;ydkufudk jyefvnf½IrSwfMunfhaomtcg emusifaom a0'emrSm ,refaeYuuJhodkY r[kwfawmhyg? ododomomBuD; avsmhusoGm;onfudk owdûyrdoGm;ygonf? uRefawmf\ESmacgif;xJrSmvnf; ½Sif;oGm;onf[k odvmygonf? wudk,fvHk;rSmvnf; aeomxdkifom ½Sdvmygonf/

            tapmifhq&mru ]]nwkef;u q&m0efuav;awG vmNyD; 2-em&DwBudrfus 0rf;xJu ta&awGudk om;a&ydkufvHk;uaeNyD; pkwfxkwfay;Muw,f? awmfawmfMumvQifvJ olwdkY vmMuvdrfh tHk;r,f}} [k ajymygonf/

            uRefawmfonf rSdef;vsufaeygonf? qdk;0g;aom 'ku©a0'emrS wajz;ajz; ukefqHk;vdkuf vmygonf? uRefawmf\pdwfonf Nidrf;at;vmNyD; ywf0ef;usifrS tm½HkrsdK;pHkwdkYonf ,refaeYuuJhodkY ay:xGufaeaomfvnf; uRefawmf\pdwfonf xdktm½Hkrsm;udk Oayu©mûyvsuf½IEdkifaeygonf/

            naeydkif; 4-em&DtcsdefwGif uRefawmf\tdrfom;rsm;ESifh aqGrsdK; rdwfo*F[rsm;onf aq;½HkBuD;½Sd uRefawmhtm; wifxm;aom vlemcef;odkY a&mufvmMuygonf? rdwfaqGrsm;udk EIwfrqufEdkifyg? ûyH;vsufomjyEdkifygonf? cHpm;cJh&aom a0'emqdk;BuD;aMumifh tm;tifrsm;rSm ukefcef;oGm;í toHrSm rxGufawmhyg? pum;rajymEdkifí rSdef;vsufom ae&ygonf/

udk,fyef;ap pdwfrEGrf;apeJY

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            þodkYESifhyif uRefawmfonf aoab;rS vGwfajrmufcJh&ygonf/

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            odkYaomf q&morm;aumif;udk rqnf;uyfbJESifh tm;xkwfvdkY rjzpfao;yg? q&morm; aumif;udk rSD0Jqnf;uyfNyD; w&m;tm;xkwfrSomvQif tusdK;oufa&mufrnf jzpfaMumif;udk azmfjyvdkyg onf/

            t&d,m0go w&m;awmfMuD;onf yHkESdyfvª'gef;&ef cGifhûyawmfrlaom aus;Zl;½Sif t*¾r[my@dw q&mawmfbk&m;udk OD;xdyfxm;í pmtkyfjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf tultnDay;Muaom r*FvmOD;atmifjrifh? omoemh&dyfomqGrf;pm;ausmif; wm0efcH a':at;MunfESifh wlrjzpfol twGif;0ef ½Hk;a[mif; trsdK;om; pDrHudef;XmerS vufa&;wdkpma&; rEkEkwdkYtm; aus;Zl;wifygonf [laom taMumif; rSwfwrf;wif&if; þed'gef;BuD;udk tNyD;owfygownf;/

            trSm-« » þaxmifhuGif; twGif;½Sd taMumif;t&mwdkYrSm pwkw¬tBudrfyHkESdyfpOfu xyfrHjznfhpGuf yHkESdyfxm;jcif; jzpfygonf/

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